August is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and onyx. This tradition, evolving from ancient associations to modern designations, offers those born in August a diverse selection of gemstones, each with its own distinct history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning. While peridot and spinel are considered the modern birthstones, onyx retains its place as the traditional August gem, reflecting a rich and layered history.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical tradition and medieval practices. The gifting of gemstones corresponding to birth months is thought to have originated in Poland or Germany centuries ago. Over time, these traditions evolved, resulting in multiple sets of birthstones – ancient, traditional, and modern – and even regional variations. Onyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, referenced in the Bible and used in the high priest’s breastplate, a precursor to the modern concept of birthstones.
Peridot’s history is intertwined with that of topaz, with ancient texts often using the name “topaz” to refer to the vibrant green gem we now know as peridot. The island of Topazios, once believed to be a source of topaz, actually yielded peridot. Historical accounts suggest that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included significant quantities of peridot, highlighting its value and desirability in antiquity. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Spinel, while beautiful, was historically mistaken for ruby, particularly red spinel. It wasn’t until more recently, in 2016, that spinel gained recognition as a distinct and valued August birthstone, offering consumers a compelling alternative to the more expensive ruby.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a fascinating gem formed under extreme conditions. It is found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites originating from outer space. While peridot from meteorites is typically too small for jewelry use, larger, gem-quality stones are brought to the surface by volcanic activity. The gem’s composition, (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, indicates it is primarily made up of olivine, magnesium, and iron, with the amount of iron influencing its characteristic color.
Onyx, in contrast, is known for its granular structure, making it well-suited for carving into cabochons, beads, and cameos. This structure also means it doesn’t exhibit the same brilliance as other gemstones, as it absorbs light rather than reflecting it.
The sources for these stones are varied. While specific mining locations aren’t detailed in the provided sources beyond the mention of the Red Sea island of Topazios for peridot, the gems are found globally.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a semi-precious stone, a variety of the mineral olivine, displaying a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. Its color is determined by the amount of iron present within its chemical structure. It is often referred to as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, though it is distinct from emerald in its composition and characteristics.
Onyx is characterized by its banded structure and lack of strong brilliance. It comes in a rainbow of colors, including red, green, and black, and is often used for carving due to its structure.
Spinel’s color range is quite broad, encompassing shades of purple, pink, and blue, as well as red, the color that led to its historical confusion with ruby.
A comparative table of key properties, based on the provided sources, is as follows:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color Range | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4 | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | Vitreous |
| Onyx | (No specific formula provided) | Red, green, black, banded | Dull to Vitreous |
| Spinel | (No specific formula provided) | Purple, pink, blue, red | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these August birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Onyx is associated with strength and protection. Peridot is often linked to good fortune and is traditionally given to celebrate the 16th year of marriage. The sources suggest that those born in August are often strong-willed, practical, and natural leaders, and the stones are believed to enhance these qualities.
While the sources do not delve deeply into metaphysical beliefs, they allude to the “mystic allure and power” of peridot, found in meteorites and volcanic lava, and the historical significance of onyx and its use in religious artifacts.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources offer limited guidance on the care and cleaning of these gemstones. However, given peridot’s composition and hardness, it should be treated with care to avoid scratches. Onyx, with its granular structure, may be more susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners. Spinel, being a durable gemstone, can generally withstand standard jewelry cleaning methods. It is recommended to consult a professional jeweler for specific cleaning instructions based on the setting and condition of the jewelry.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and onyx – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of onyx to the recent recognition of spinel and the enduring allure of peridot, these gems offer a rich tapestry of choices for those born in this month. Each stone possesses unique characteristics and a compelling story, making them treasured additions to any jewelry collection and meaningful gifts for those celebrating an August birthday.