Peridot is a vibrant, yellowish-green gemstone celebrated for its unique hue and long history. As the primary birthstone for August, it holds a special significance for those born in the late summer months. This gem, a variety of the mineral olivine, is notable for occurring naturally in olive green shades – a color rarely found in other gemstones. Its appeal lies not only in its aesthetic qualities but also in the rich lore and geological origins that have captivated people for millennia.
History and Lore
Prized since ancient times, peridot boasts a history steeped in symbolism and belief. Early Egyptians revered peridot as the “gem of the sun,” believing it possessed potent protective powers. Romans, on the other hand, referred to it as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to maintain its vibrant green glow even under artificial light. This characteristic led to the belief that the stone glowed in the dark. The ancient name for peridot, chrysolite, originates from the ancient Greek word for “golden stone,” reflecting its warm, radiant color.
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with beauty, protection, and even magical abilities. While its exact origins are somewhat unclear, the gem has been sourced from various locations around the world, with early discoveries reportedly made on an island in the Red Sea. Today, significant deposits are found in Myanmar, Pakistan, and the Himalayas. Notably, an estimated 80 to 95 percent of the world’s peridot supply originates from the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot originates deep within the Earth’s upper mantle, forming in association with mafic and ultramafic rocks – those rich in iron and magnesium. These elements are crucial to the gem’s characteristic green color; the more iron present in the crystal structure, the darker the shade. Volcanic activity brings peridot to the surface, where it can be found in lava flows and other igneous rocks.
The gem’s formation process is not limited to Earth. Peridot has been discovered in certain meteorites, suggesting its potential existence on other planets and asteroids, adding to its cosmic allure. The primary sources of peridot today include:
- Myanmar (Burma)
- Pakistan
- The Himalayas
- San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona (USA) – accounting for the majority of global production.
- India
- Brazil
- Uruguay
- Germany
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a gem-quality variety of olivine, a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Its color ranges from golden lime to deep olive green, with the most desirable stones exhibiting a pure, bright green hue without brown or yellow undertones.
Here's a summary of its key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-Green to Olive Green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 - 1.683 |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is still susceptible to scratches and requires careful handling. Its unique color, unlike that of emeralds, often features a yellowish overtone. Some stones may exhibit a brownish appearance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Egyptians associated it with the sun, believing it held protective powers. Romans considered it a symbol of light and believed it possessed the ability to ward off evil spirits.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute various healing and energetic properties to peridot. Some believe it can promote emotional balance, reduce stress, and attract abundance. It is also thought to enhance creativity and strengthen relationships. Author Judy Hall suggests that peridot possesses refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering humility in the face of success. The stone is often linked to the heart chakra, promoting compassion and emotional healing.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to prevent scratches. It is susceptible to damage from sharp blows and abrasive materials. Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward: warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these can damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when using abrasive cleaning products.
Varieties and Related Gemstones
While peridot is primarily known for its olive-green hue, variations in color exist. Spinel, a related gemstone now also recognized as an August birthstone, comes in a range of colors, including yellow-orange (rubicelle), purple (almandine), blue (sapphirine), and green (chlorospinel). These variations have their own industry-specific names. Sardonyx, another August birthstone, is a banded form of onyx, typically reddish-brown with white bands.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating olive-green birthstone of August, is a gem with a rich history, unique geological origins, and enduring appeal. From its ancient associations with the sun and protection to its modern metaphysical properties, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its vibrant color, relatively good durability, and intriguing lore make it a cherished gemstone for jewelry enthusiasts and a meaningful symbol for those born in the late summer months. Its discovery in meteorites further adds to its mystique, connecting it to the vastness of the cosmos.