October boasts a unique distinction among the birthstone calendar – it is represented by not one, but two captivating gemstones: opal and pink tourmaline. Both stones offer a dazzling array of colors and possess a rich history, making them significant choices for those born in the tenth month. While opal holds the position as the traditional October birthstone, pink tourmaline was added as a modern alternative in 1952, reflecting evolving preferences and gemstone availability. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of both opal and pink tourmaline, providing a comprehensive overview of these remarkable October birthstones.
A History Intertwined with Lore
The story of opal stretches back to ancient times. Its name is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word upala, meaning “precious stone,” adopted into Roman as opalus. Ancient civilizations attributed various powers and meanings to opal. Bedouins believed the stone contained lightning and originated from the sky during thunderstorms. Ancient Greeks associated opal with prophecy and protection from disease, while Europeans considered it a symbol of purity, hope, and truth. For centuries, opal was thought to embody the virtues of all colored stones combined. It has also been traditionally given to celebrate the 14th wedding anniversary.
Tourmaline’s history is equally fascinating, though its recognition as a distinct gemstone is more recent. For a long time, tourmaline was often mistaken for other gems due to its diverse color range. A notable example is the “Caesar’s Ruby” in the Russian crown jewels, which is, in fact, a red tourmaline (rubellite). Green tourmaline crystals discovered in Brazil during the 1500s were initially believed to be emeralds. It wasn’t until the 19th century that tourmaline was formally recognized as a unique mineral species. In the late 1800s, the Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi of China developed a strong fondness for pink tourmaline, acquiring nearly all the production from a California mine. She was even buried with a pillow of the stone, and the remainder of her collection was crafted into exquisite carvings.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opals are unique in their formation, not being crystalline like many other gemstones. They are formed from silica-rich water that seeps into cracks and voids in the earth, depositing microscopic spheres of silica. The arrangement of these spheres determines the “play-of-color” that makes opal so prized.
Tourmaline, on the other hand, forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. It occurs naturally and contains a diverse variety of elements, with most jewelry-grade tourmaline consisting primarily of the mineral elbaite.
Specific sources for opal are not detailed in the provided materials beyond the initial origin of stones brought to the Western world from India. The sources mention that the first opals brought to the Western world originated in India.
Tourmaline’s sources are also not extensively detailed, but the materials highlight a significant historical source in California, particularly due to the Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi’s purchases. Brazil is also mentioned as a location where tourmaline was discovered in the 1500s.
Gemological Properties
Opal is valued for its “play-of-color,” a shifting display of rainbow hues. This phenomenon is caused by the diffraction of light as it passes through the microscopic silica spheres within the stone. The materials do not provide specific details regarding opal’s chemical composition, hardness, or refractive index.
Pink tourmaline, a variety of the tourmaline group, exhibits a striking pink hue with variations throughout the color spectrum. Some tourmaline crystals even display multiple colors, known as watermelon tourmaline. The materials indicate that tourmaline’s composition includes the mineral elbaite. No specific details regarding hardness, refractive index, or chemical formula are provided.
A comparison of the two stones’ relative durability is hinted at, with some questioning opal’s durability due to its appearance, which led to the addition of tourmaline as an alternative birthstone. However, no specific data on hardness or scratch resistance is given.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and tourmaline have been imbued with symbolic meanings. Opal has long been associated with purity, hope, and truth. Ancient beliefs attributed prophetic powers and protection from disease to the stone.
Tourmaline’s symbolism varies depending on its color. Pink tourmaline is linked to compassion and gentleness, embodying love. Black tourmaline is believed to protect against negativity and enhance self-confidence, while green tourmaline is thought to promote courage, strength, and stamina. The association of tourmaline with artistic expression stems from ancient mystics believing its diverse colors could inspire creativity. Tourmaline is also the traditional stone given to celebrate the eighth wedding anniversary.
The Standardization of Birthstones
The current list of birthstones for each month was created by the National Association of Jewelers in 1952 to standardize the selection. This list has been modified over time to reflect changing styles and the availability of gemstones. The addition of pink tourmaline as an October birthstone was partly driven by concerns that opal was considered too feminine and questions about its durability.
Selecting and Caring for October Birthstones
The provided materials do not offer specific guidance on selecting quality opal or pink tourmaline. However, they emphasize the unique beauty of both stones. Opal is described as having a shifting, kaleidoscopic color play that is difficult to capture in words, while pink tourmaline is celebrated for its breathtaking beauty and impressive range of pink hues.
Information regarding the care and cleaning of these stones is also limited. The materials do not provide specific instructions, but the mention of concerns about opal’s durability suggests that it may require more careful handling than some other gemstones.
Conclusion
Opal and pink tourmaline represent a captivating duality for those born in October. Opal, with its ancient history and mesmerizing play-of-color, embodies hope, purity, and truth. Pink tourmaline, a more recent addition to the birthstone list, symbolizes love, compassion, and strength. Both stones offer a unique beauty and a rich cultural heritage, making them cherished choices for commemorating October birthdays. The standardization of birthstones in 1952 acknowledged the evolving preferences and availability of gemstones, resulting in the dual legacy of opal and pink tourmaline as the birthstones of October.