For centuries, the gemstone known as sapphire has captivated humanity with its rich hues and enduring symbolism. As the recognized birthstone for September, sapphire embodies sophistication, elegance, and a timeless beauty that continues to inspire awe. While most readily associated with its classic deep blue variety, sapphire actually encompasses a spectrum of colors, each possessing unique appeal and historical significance. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is deeply interwoven with tales of royalty, spirituality, and healing. Ancient civilizations held sapphires in high esteem, believing the gem possessed protective powers. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were thought to safeguard owners from harm and envy. Medieval Europeans attributed healing properties to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even serve as an antidote to poison. Clerics of the Middle Ages favored sapphires, associating the gem with Heaven and wearing them as symbols of faith.
Ancient Persian beliefs took this reverence even further, positing that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the blue color of the sky. This celestial connection continued to resonate through various cultures; Buddhists believed sapphires promoted inner peace, while in Islam, the seven heavens were adorned with these precious stones. The sapphire’s association with the divine is further evidenced by the belief that the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, highlighting its perceived strength and enduring nature.
The discovery of Kashmir sapphires in 1881 marked a significant moment in the gem’s history. The Maharaja of Kashmir and his army controlled the region where these exceptionally vibrant blue crystals were found, quickly establishing “Kashmir Sapphire” as a highly sought-after designation. Historical records also indicate the use of Lapis Lazuli, often mistaken for sapphire in earlier times, dating back 6500 years, with origins in Afghanistan and spreading throughout Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world. Cleopatra herself utilized powdered Lapis Lazuli as eye shadow, demonstrating its ancient cosmetic and ornamental value.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) crystal. The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the characteristic blue color. Different trace elements result in the “fancy” sapphires, exhibiting colors like pink, yellow, green, orange, and purple.
Historically, significant sapphire deposits have been found in Kashmir, Myanmar (Burma), and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Kashmir sapphires are particularly prized for their velvety blue hue, a result of the unique geological conditions in which they formed. Lapis Lazuli, often historically confused with sapphire, is a metamorphic rock composed of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite, requiring at least 25% blue lazurite to be classified as such. Its origins lie in the Afghan region, with subsequent use throughout Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional durability, ranking nine on the Mohs scale of hardness – second only to diamonds. This hardness makes them suitable for everyday wear in jewelry, resisting scratches and abrasions.
While blue is the most iconic sapphire color, the gem occurs in a wide range of hues. High-quality, 1-carat blue sapphires can range in price from $3000 to $5000, though prices fluctuate based on color saturation, clarity, and cut. Fancy sapphires, with their diverse color palette, offer unique aesthetic appeal and symbolic meanings. Pink sapphires evoke romance, yellow sapphires radiate joy, and green sapphires represent a connection to nature.
The composition of Lapis Lazuli is distinct from sapphire. It is a rock comprised of lazurite, pyrite, and calcite, with lazurite responsible for the deep blue color. The presence of pyrite creates yellow speckles, while calcite adds white intrusions.
| Property | Sapphire (Corundum) | Lapis Lazuli (Rock) |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ | Variable (Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 | 5-6 |
| Color | Primarily Blue, also Pink, Yellow, Green, etc. | Deep Blue with Gold & White inclusions |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous to Dull |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Opaque |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with profound symbolic meaning. They traditionally represent sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. The gemstone is often associated with royalty and the clergy, reflecting its perceived value and spiritual significance.
Beyond its historical symbolism, sapphire is believed to possess metaphysical properties. Some believe it promotes inner peace and clarity of thought. The various colors of sapphire are also thought to carry specific energies: blue sapphires are associated with wisdom and intuition, while pink sapphires represent love and compassion.
Care and Cleaning
Sapphires’ exceptional hardness makes them relatively easy to care for. They can withstand regular wear and are resistant to scratching. However, like all gemstones, they should be protected from harsh impacts and extreme temperature changes.
Cleaning sapphires is straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are typically sufficient to remove dirt and grime. For more stubborn residue, ultrasonic cleaners can be used, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled. Lapis Lazuli, being a softer material, requires more gentle cleaning methods to avoid damaging the surface.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of royalty and spiritual protection to its modern status as a beloved birthstone and jewelry staple, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, vibrant colors, and rich history ensure its place as one of the world’s most treasured gems. The legacy of sapphire, whether the classic blue variety or the captivating fancy colors, is one of beauty, truth, and lasting elegance.