The ruby, a gemstone celebrated for its vibrant red hue, holds a prominent position in the world of colored stones. As the birthstone for July, it is steeped in history, symbolism, and lore, representing passion, vitality, and courage. This article will delve into the ruby’s origins, geological formation, gemological properties, historical significance, and enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The history of the ruby stretches back millennia, with its earliest known sources traced to the Mogok region of Myanmar (formerly Burma) around 2500 BC. Throughout history, rubies have captivated rulers and warriors alike. Ancient Indian texts refer to the ruby as ratnaraj, translating to “king of gemstones,” acknowledging its rarity, hardness, and perceived mystical powers. The name “ruby” itself originates from the Latin word ruber, meaning red.
From British monarchs and Chinese emperors to kings in Asia and European conquistadors, the ruby has enchanted generations. Burmese warriors believed that wearing rubies rendered them invincible in battle, embedding the stones within their armor. This belief highlights the historical association of rubies with power and strength. Medieval Europeans attributed rubies with bestowing health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Some believed the stone could even predict misfortune or danger, or cure inflammatory diseases.
The ruby’s significance extends beyond mere adornment. It is traditionally given as a gift to celebrate the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, symbolizing enduring love and commitment.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) mineral. Their characteristic red color arises from trace amounts of the element chromium within the crystal structure. The more chromium present, the more intense the red hue. A particularly desirable shade, known as “pigeon’s blood,” is a deep red with a hint of purple.
The primary sources of rubies have varied throughout history. The Mogok Valley in Myanmar was historically renowned for producing rubies of exceptional quality, particularly those exhibiting the coveted “pigeon’s blood” color. More recently, Mozambique, specifically the Montepuez region, has emerged as a significant source, yielding rubies comparable in quality to those from Burma. Vietnam has also become a notable source in the last century.
Other ruby deposits are found in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar. It is important to note that some gemstones historically called rubies, such as the Black Prince’s Ruby in the British Imperial State Crown, are actually spinels – once referred to as “Balas rubies.”
Gemological Properties
Rubies are exceptionally durable gemstones, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness – second only to diamonds. This hardness makes them suitable for everyday wear. They belong to the corundum family, with all other colors of corundum classified as sapphires.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Color | Red (varying shades) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.97 – 4.05 |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 – 1.778 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
Rubies exhibit a strong pleochroism, meaning they display different colors when viewed from different angles. This effect is often noticeable in faceted rubies. Exposure to high temperatures can temporarily cause a ruby to turn green, but the original red color returns upon cooling.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The ruby’s deep red color has long been associated with the life force – blood – and, consequently, with vitality, energy, and passion. As such, the ruby symbolizes youth and energy. Beyond these core associations, rubies are believed to bestow a range of benefits upon their wearers.
Historically, rubies were thought to enhance self-confidence, improve circulation, and provide emotional and mental balance. Some modern beliefs suggest that rubies can mend strained or broken relationships. The stone is also associated with courage and protection against negative energies. Burmese warriors believed rubies granted them invincibility, while others claimed the stone could predict misfortune.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their exceptional hardness, rubies are relatively durable. However, they still require proper care to maintain their brilliance. Rubies should be cleaned with lukewarm, soapy water and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
It is recommended to store ruby jewelry separately in a soft cloth or fabric-lined jewelry box to prevent scratches. Rubies should also be protected from extreme temperatures and contact with perfumes and cosmetics. Regular cleaning will help ensure that your ruby jewelry continues to sparkle for years to come.
Conclusion
The ruby, with its rich history, captivating color, and enduring symbolism, remains one of the most coveted gemstones in the world. As the birthstone for July, it represents passion, vitality, and courage, making it a meaningful and cherished gift. From ancient warriors to modern jewelry enthusiasts, the ruby continues to enchant and inspire, solidifying its status as the “king of gemstones.”