The month of December boasts a trio of captivating birthstones: turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite. While ruby and bloodstone historically held prominence as December’s gems, modern lists have expanded to include these vibrant alternatives, reflecting evolving cultural preferences and the discovery of new gemstones. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism associated with these three December birthstones, tracing their journey from ancient lore to contemporary jewelry.
A History of December’s Gems
The designation of specific gemstones to each month is a tradition with roots stretching back to biblical times. The Book of Exodus describes a breastplate adorned with twelve stones representing the tribes of Israel, hinting at early associations between gems and specific groups or meanings. However, the concept of dedicated birthstones as we know it today developed more gradually.
Throughout the 15th to 20th centuries, ruby and bloodstone were commonly recognized as the birthstones for December. The ruby, with its fiery red hue, symbolized passion and protection, while bloodstone, a dark green chalcedony with red spots, was believed to possess healing properties. These associations persisted for centuries, reflecting the gemstones’ historical use in jewelry and their perceived metaphysical benefits.
The American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America) played a pivotal role in standardizing the birthstone list in 1912. This move aimed to promote the sale of gemstone jewelry and solidify the tradition in Western culture. However, the list continued to evolve, with additions and changes reflecting cultural shifts and the discovery of new gemstones. In the United Kingdom, turquoise and tanzanite were officially recognized as December birthstones in 2013. More recently, the American Gem Trade Association and Jewelers of America have affirmed turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite as the stones for December. This demonstrates a continuing refinement of the birthstone tradition, offering a wider range of choices for those seeking a meaningful gemstone connection.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Healing
Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, has a long and rich history, predating its modern designation as a December birthstone. Its name derives from the French term “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” as the material often entered Europe through Turkey. Historically, turquoise was valued by numerous cultures, including ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Native American tribes.
Native American cultures, in particular, held turquoise in high esteem, using it in ceremonial objects, jewelry, and protective amulets. They believed the stone possessed powerful healing properties and offered protection from negative energies. Turquoise continues to be a significant cultural symbol for many Native American communities.
Blue Zircon: A Brilliant December Alternative
Blue zircon, a silicate of zirconium, offers a vibrant alternative to the more traditional December birthstones. While zircon occurs in a variety of colors, the blue variety is particularly prized for its brilliance and clarity. It’s important to note that blue zircon is often confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic diamond simulant, but the two materials are distinct. Natural zircon possesses a higher refractive index, contributing to its exceptional sparkle.
The designation of blue zircon as a December birthstone is a relatively recent development, reflecting its growing popularity in the gemstone market. It offers a unique and captivating option for those seeking a less conventional birthstone.
Tanzanite: A Modern Gemstone Discovery
Tanzanite, a blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite, is the newest addition to the December birthstone family. Discovered in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania in 1967, tanzanite quickly gained recognition for its exceptional beauty and rarity. Its name pays homage to its country of origin.
Tanzanite’s unique pleochroism – the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles – contributes to its captivating appearance. It typically exhibits shades of blue, violet, and burgundy, creating a mesmerizing interplay of color. The gem’s relative scarcity further enhances its value and desirability. Tanzanite was added to the official birthstone list in 2002, solidifying its place as a modern and sought-after gemstone.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While each December birthstone possesses unique characteristics, understanding their gemological properties provides valuable insight into their beauty and durability.
| Property | Turquoise | Blue Zircon | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | ZrSiO4 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) |
| Color | Blue to green | Blue | Blue-violet |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 6-7 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.60-2.80 | 3.93-4.73 | 3.35-3.49 |
| Crystal System | Triclinic | Tetragonal | Orthorhombic |
The Mohs hardness scale indicates a gemstone’s resistance to scratching. Turquoise, with a hardness of 5-6, is relatively soft and requires careful handling. Blue zircon, with a hardness of 6.5-7.5, is more durable, while tanzanite, at 6-7, falls in between. Specific gravity measures a gemstone’s density.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these December birthstones carries its own set of symbolic meanings and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It is believed to promote inner peace and enhance communication. Blue zircon is thought to foster wisdom, honor, and prosperity. It is also said to calm the mind and promote restful sleep. Tanzanite is believed to stimulate intuition, enhance spiritual awareness, and transform negative energy into positive vibrations.
Across cultures, gemstones have been attributed with various powers and meanings. While these beliefs are not scientifically proven, they contribute to the enduring appeal of birthstones and their significance as personal talismans.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratching and damage from harsh chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh cleaning agents. Blue zircon and tanzanite are more durable but still require gentle handling. They can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid exposing these gemstones to extreme temperatures or sudden temperature changes, as this can cause cracking. Professional cleaning and inspection are recommended periodically to ensure the gemstones remain in optimal condition.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, blue zircon, and tanzanite – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. From the ancient symbolism of turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite, each stone offers a unique connection to history, culture, and personal meaning. The evolution of the December birthstone list reflects a continuing appreciation for the beauty and significance of gemstones, providing individuals with a wider range of choices to celebrate their birth month and express their individual style.