December is a month rich in tradition, symbolism, and celebration. From the Winter Solstice to Christmas and New Year’s Eve, it marks a time of transformation, reflection, and joy. In the world of gemology, December is equally rich, as it is one of only two months with multiple birthstones. The month is represented by a trio of modern gems—blue zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz—while also retaining its traditional associations with turquoise and lapis lazuli. Each of these gemstones carries a unique history, color, and set of symbolic meanings, making December’s birthstone list one of the most diverse and intriguing in the calendar year.
This article delves into the properties, origins, and cultural significance of each of these December birthstones. It explores their historical evolution in birthstone lore, their geological characteristics, and the roles they play in both jewelry and metaphysical traditions. By the end, readers will understand why December birthstones are more than just pretty gems—they are storied symbols of transformation, protection, and personal expression.
Historical & Cultural Significance
The concept of birthstones has roots in ancient traditions, particularly those found in the Old Testament. In the biblical Book of Exodus, Aaron’s breastplate was adorned with twelve gemstones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were associated with the months of the year, and the tradition evolved into what we now know as birthstones. However, the list has not always been consistent.
In the case of December, the earliest known birthstone was ruby. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the birthstone list had undergone several revisions. In 1870, turquoise was designated as the primary December birthstone by Tiffany & Co. in their "Gregorian Birthstone Poems" pamphlet. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) included both turquoise and lapis lazuli as December birthstones. In 1952, zircon was added to the list, and by 2002, tanzanite became a recognized December birthstone in the United States.
This evolution reflects both changing tastes and the discovery of new gemstones. For example, tanzanite, a relatively modern gemstone, was only discovered in 1967 near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Its addition to the December list illustrates how gemstone lore continues to adapt to new discoveries and cultural trends.
Each of these stones has been valued for its beauty and symbolic meaning. Turquoise, for instance, has been revered for millennia across cultures ranging from the ancient Egyptians to Native American tribes. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and flecks of gold, was once a favored gem of royalty and artists. Zircon, particularly in its blue form, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth and is prized for its brilliance and clarity. Tanzanite, despite its recent origin, has quickly gained popularity for its unique color and rarity. Blue topaz, a more affordable and accessible option, has also found a place in the December list for its calming blue hues.
Together, these stones form a diverse and meaningful collection that reflects the complexity and richness of December’s symbolism—change, celebration, and renewal.
Modern December Birthstones
The modern December birthstone list includes three primary gems: blue zircon, tanzanite, and blue topaz. These were officially recognized in the 2000s and serve as contemporary alternatives to the traditional December birthstones.
Blue Zircon
Blue zircon is one of the oldest known minerals on Earth, with crystals dating back billions of years. It is prized for its brilliance and fire, often rivaling that of diamonds. Blue zircon is a popular choice for December birthdays due to its vibrant blue color and affordability compared to other colored gems. It is also believed to bring emotional balance and joy to its wearer.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively new gemstone, first discovered in 1967 in Tanzania. It is known for its striking blue to violet color and is considered one of the rarest gems in the world. Because it can only be found in a single location near Mount Kilimanjaro, it holds both geological and cultural significance. Tanzanite is associated with spiritual transformation, communication, and emotional healing.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a more affordable and widely available December birthstone. It is known for its calming blue color and is often used in engagement rings and jewelry. Blue topaz is believed to promote clarity of thought and emotional stability. It is a popular choice for those seeking a December gemstone that is both beautiful and accessible.
While these three are the modern December birthstones, the traditional list also includes turquoise and lapis lazuli, which have been associated with the month for centuries.
Traditional December Birthstones
In addition to the modern December birthstones, two traditional gems have long been associated with the month: turquoise and lapis lazuli.
Turquoise
Turquoise has been a symbol of protection, prosperity, and spiritual connection for thousands of years. It was used by ancient Egyptians to adorn their pharaohs and by Native American tribes in ceremonial jewelry. The stone is believed to bring good luck, promote healing, and enhance communication with the divine. Its vibrant blue-green color is often associated with the chill of winter and the tranquility of the season.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a deep blue gemstone with flecks of golden pyrite. It has been used since ancient times, particularly by royalty and artists. It was a favorite of Cleopatra and was used in medieval European art. Lapis lazuli is believed to promote self-mastery, wisdom, and spiritual insight. It was removed from the December birthstone list in the 1950s when zircon was added, but its historical significance remains strong.
These traditional gems continue to be valued for their beauty and symbolism. While they may not be as commonly referenced in modern birthstone guides, they remain important in the broader context of December's gemstone heritage.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of the December birthstones is formed through unique geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world. Understanding the origin of these gems adds to their allure and significance.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of aluminum and copper. It forms in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to water. The stone is typically found in desert environments where it can be mined from surface deposits. Major sources of turquoise include the United States (particularly Arizona and Nevada), China, and Egypt. The color of turquoise can vary depending on the amount of copper and aluminum present, ranging from deep blue to greenish-blue.
Zircon
Zircon is a zirconium silicate that can occur in a variety of colors, including blue, green, yellow, and red. The blue variety, known as cubic zirconia when synthesized, is the most commonly associated with December. Natural blue zircon is formed when brown zircon is heat-treated. Zircon is found in a number of countries, including Cambodia, Thailand, and Brazil. It is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back over 4 billion years.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a type of zoisite that was only discovered in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. It is a metamorphic mineral formed under high-pressure conditions. Tanzanite is unique because it can only be found in one location in the world, making it one of the rarest gems in existence. The stone is heat-treated to enhance its color, which ranges from deep blue to violet.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is a naturally occurring variety of topaz that has a blue color due to trace elements and radiation exposure. It is one of the most affordable colored gemstones and is often used in jewelry. Blue topaz is found in several countries, including Brazil, Nigeria, and the United States. It is highly durable, with a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for everyday wear.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, with inclusions of pyrite and calcite. It forms in regions with high-pressure metamorphic activity. The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and the United States. The presence of gold-like pyrite flecks gives lapis lazuli its distinctive appearance.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of December birthstones vary, but each is characterized by its unique beauty and durability.
| Gemstone | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Transparency | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue-green | 5–6 | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Opaque to translucent | United States, Egypt |
| Zircon | Blue, green, yellow | 7.5–8 | ZrSiO₄ | Transparent | Cambodia, Thailand |
| Tanzanite | Blue to violet | 6–7 | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | Transparent | Tanzania |
| Blue Topaz | Blue | 8 | Al₂SiO₆ | Transparent | Brazil, Nigeria |
| Lapis Lazuli | Deep blue with gold flecks | 5–6 | Lazurite + pyrite + calcite | Opaque | Afghanistan |
These properties influence how each gemstone is used in jewelry and how it should be cared for.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December birthstones are not only admired for their beauty but also for their symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties.
Turquoise
In ancient cultures, turquoise was believed to bring protection, prosperity, and spiritual guidance. It was used as an amulet by shamans and warriors. Today, it is associated with good fortune, communication, and emotional balance. It is also believed to enhance intuition and promote harmony.
Zircon
Zircon, especially in its blue form, is known for its ability to bring joy and emotional stability. It is also believed to promote wisdom and mental clarity. Zircon is associated with transformation and is thought to help individuals navigate change.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is linked to spiritual growth, emotional healing, and self-expression. It is believed to activate the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras, allowing for better communication and spiritual insight. It is also considered a stone of transformation and emotional release.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, emotional stability, and clarity of thought. It is believed to promote self-esteem and help individuals overcome obstacles. It is also used in meditation to enhance spiritual awareness.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli has long been associated with wisdom, self-mastery, and spiritual insight. It was used by ancient royalty and artists to enhance creativity and intellectual ability. It is believed to promote deep peace and stress relief.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Each gemstone has specific requirements based on its hardness, transparency, and sensitivity to heat and chemicals.
Turquoise
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, so it should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It should not be exposed to harsh chemicals or extreme temperatures. It is best to avoid wearing turquoise in water or while using household cleaners.
Zircon
Zircon is more durable than turquoise but still requires gentle cleaning. It can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic cleaners or steam cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is sensitive to heat and direct sunlight, which can cause fading. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is best to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and high temperatures.
Blue Topaz
Blue topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones and can be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is also safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners. However, it is best to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a soft, opaque stone that can be easily scratched. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. It is best to avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Conclusion
December birthstones offer a fascinating blend of history, symbolism, and beauty. From the ancient traditions that have revered turquoise and lapis lazuli for millennia to the modern additions of tanzanite and blue zircon, each gemstone tells a story of its own. These stones are more than just symbols of the month—they are reflections of personal identity, cultural heritage, and the ever-evolving nature of gemstone lore.
Whether chosen for their beauty, their meaning, or their rarity, December birthstones provide a unique way to connect with the past while celebrating the present. As December marks the end of the year, it also serves as a reminder of the beauty and complexity of the natural world, and the enduring appeal of gemstones.