For centuries, the September birthstone has captivated humanity with its rich hues and enduring symbolism. While sapphire reigns as the traditional gem for those born in the ninth month, historical and cultural traditions recognize alternative birthstones, including carnelian, lapis lazuli, and others, each possessing unique properties and lore. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, and cultural significance of sapphire, alongside its notable alternatives, offering a comprehensive overview for gemstone enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the deeper meaning behind these captivating stones.
History and Lore
Sapphire’s history is deeply interwoven with tales of royalty, spirituality, and healing. The name “sapphire” originates from the Greek word “sappheiros,” meaning blue stone. Ancient Greeks and Romans associated blue sapphires with protection from harm and envy, believing the gem held powerful safeguarding qualities. Within the elite circles of these civilizations, sapphires were prized possessions, adorning the robes of the clergy and symbolizing divine favor.
Medieval Europeans continued this tradition, attributing healing powers to the September birthstone. It was believed to cure plague boils and alleviate eye diseases, and even serve as an antidote to poison. This belief in sapphire’s medicinal properties highlights the stone’s esteemed position in historical medical practices. Ancient Persians held a cosmological view, believing the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color.
The association with royalty extends into more recent history, exemplified by Princess Diana’s iconic 12-carat Ceylon sapphire engagement ring, now worn by Princess Kate Middleton. This prominent display cemented sapphire’s status as a symbol of enduring love and high society.
Beyond sapphire, September has seen a variety of stones associated with the month throughout history. Lapis lazuli, for example, was a treasure of ancient royalty, decorating the sarcophagus of King Tut and adorning the palaces of Catherine the Great. Ancient Tibetans considered agates as September birthstones, while the ancient Hindu calendar listed blue zircon as representative of the month. Sardonyx was also a Roman and Italian birthstone for September, valued for its protective qualities.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Pure corundum is colorless, but trace elements such as chromium, titanium, vanadium, iron, and magnesium create the diverse range of colors seen in sapphires. Ruby, the red variety of corundum, is also part of this family. Sapphires form in metamorphic and igneous rocks, requiring specific geological conditions of high temperature and pressure.
While blue is the most recognizable color, sapphires can occur in orange, purple, black, pink, yellow, and even colorless forms. The presence and concentration of trace elements dictate the resulting hue. Ceylon sapphires, originating from Sri Lanka, are particularly renowned for their vibrant blue color, as exemplified by Princess Diana’s ring.
Other significant sapphire sources include Australia, Madagascar, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand. Carnelian, an alternative September birthstone, is a variety of chalcedony, a form of quartz. It is typically found in Brazil, India, Botswana, Egypt, and Uruguay. Lapis lazuli, another alternative, is sourced from Afghanistan, Russia, Chile, and Canada. Zircon is found in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s exceptional durability is a key characteristic, registering a 9.0 on the Mohs hardness scale, second only to diamond. This resistance to scratching and abrasion makes it ideal for everyday wear. Sapphire is also highly resistant to heat, light, and chemical corrosion.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Sapphire | Carnelian | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ | SiO₂ | (Na,Ca)₈(Al,Si)₆O₂₄S |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9.0 | 7.0 | 5-6 |
| Color | Blue, various | Red-Orange | Deep Blue |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy | Vitreous |
| Crystal System | Trigonal | Trigonal | Isometric |
Carnelian, a semi-precious stone, has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it less durable than sapphire. Lapis lazuli, ranging between 5 and 6 on the Mohs scale, is considered “fair” in terms of hardness and can be scratched with a sharp instrument.
Lapis lazuli often contains flecks of white calcite or golden pyrite, with specimens containing pyrite being particularly valuable. These inclusions contribute to the stone’s unique appearance, often resembling a starry night sky.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphire has long been associated with sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. It is believed to stimulate the throat chakra and the third eye, promoting clear communication and deeper spiritual insight. In various world religions, sapphire holds divine connections and is said to unlock prophecies.
Carnelian is linked to fertility, confidence, and abundance. Placing it near an entrance is believed to invite good fortune. Lapis lazuli promotes mental clarity, serenity, and self-mastery, connecting the wearer to the stars and heavens. Ancient cultures associated it with spirituality and gods, considering it a powerful stone.
Zircon, particularly the blue variety, is believed to promote peace and raise inner joy. Sardonyx is considered a protective stone, radiating positive energy and enhancing optimism. Agates, with their diverse varieties, offer a range of benefits depending on their specific type, providing stability and grounding.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone.
Carnelian, with its lower hardness, requires more gentle cleaning. Avoid abrasive materials and harsh chemicals. Lapis lazuli is also susceptible to scratching and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid prolonged exposure to water, as it can affect the polish.
Conclusion
Sapphire, as the traditional September birthstone, embodies a legacy of royalty, wisdom, and enduring beauty. Its exceptional durability and vibrant colors have captivated cultures for millennia. While sapphire rightfully holds its place as the primary gem for September, the historical significance and unique properties of alternative birthstones like carnelian, lapis lazuli, and zircon offer a diverse range of options for those seeking a meaningful connection to their birth month. Each stone carries its own symbolism and lore, providing a rich tapestry of meaning for gemstone enthusiasts and those interested in the enduring power of these natural treasures.