Sapphires, celebrated as the birthstone of September, hold a prominent place in the world of gemstones, revered for their rich history, captivating beauty, and enduring symbolism. Throughout history, these gems have adorned royalty, inspired legends, and captivated gem enthusiasts. This article delves into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding sapphires, drawing upon available sources to provide a comprehensive overview of this remarkable gemstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphires is deeply intertwined with human civilization, stretching back centuries. While the exact origins of the word “sapphire” remain debated, its association with precious stones dates back to ancient times. Sapphires have been prized for millennia, with early civilizations attributing various powers and meanings to the gem.
Notably, significant sapphire discoveries and ownership are linked to prominent figures and families. The 98.57-carat Bismarck Sapphire, for example, was a honeymoon gift in 1926 from Harrison Williams, the wealthiest man in America, to his bride. This stunning cornflower blue gem now resides in the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., alongside other notable sapphires like the Hall Sapphire and Diamond Necklace and the Logan Sapphire.
The Logan Sapphire, weighing 422.99 carats, boasts a fascinating provenance connecting American philanthropy with Indian royalty. Originally owned by a maharajah in India, the gem passed through the hands of Sir Ellice Victor Sassoon before being acquired by Col. M. Robert Guggenheim as a gift for Rebecca Pollard Guggenheim in 1952. Rebecca later donated the sapphire to the Smithsonian in 1960, though it wasn’t displayed until 1971, eventually becoming known as the Logan Sapphire after her remarriage.
These examples illustrate the sapphire’s historical association with wealth, power, and significant life events. The gems were not merely objects of beauty but symbols of status and affection.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are primarily formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks. The sources indicate that sapphires are found in various locations around the world, though historically, certain regions have been particularly renowned for their production. Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has long been a significant source of sapphires, as evidenced by the Bismarck Sapphire’s origin. Australia also became a major source following rich deposits discovered in the 19th century. Additional deposits have been located in the United States, Mexico, and Ethiopia.
Historically, European aristocracy relied almost exclusively on opals found in a single location in present-day Slovenia before the opening of trade routes and the discovery of larger deposits elsewhere. The sources do not provide specific details on sapphire formation processes, but the mention of hydrothermal quartz suggests a potential connection to hydrothermal activity in their creation.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional hardness and durability. While the provided sources do not explicitly state the sapphire’s Mohs hardness, their enduring presence in historical jewelry and museum collections suggests a high degree of resistance to scratching and abrasion. Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. The vibrant blue color, most associated with sapphires, is due to trace amounts of iron and titanium within the crystal structure.
The Bismarck Sapphire, a cushion-cut gem, was likely recut by Cartier to optimize clarity and brilliance after its initial acquisition in Sri Lanka. Traditionally, Sri Lankan cutters prioritized carat weight over ideal proportions, a practice that Cartier addressed through recutting. The Logan Sapphire is also a significant example of a large, faceted gem-quality blue sapphire.
The sources also mention the “play-of-color” effect, a characteristic more commonly associated with opals, but it highlights the importance of light interaction within gemstones. While sapphires are known for their color, the play-of-color is not a defining characteristic.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Opals, another October birthstone, were believed to contain the virtues of other monochromatic gems represented in their color play. Similarly, sapphires have been associated with loyalty, faithfulness, purity, hope, and confidence. Some believed sapphires could bestow good fortune and even invisibility when used properly.
The captivating interplay of colors within opals led to their nickname, “Queen of Gems,” reflecting their perceived power and beauty. While sapphires do not share the same play-of-color, their rich blue hue has long been associated with royalty, wisdom, and divine favor.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for sapphires. However, given their hardness, sapphires are relatively durable and can withstand regular wear. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is generally recommended. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, which could potentially damage the gem.
Quartz and its Historical Significance
While the primary focus is on sapphires, the provided sources also contain information about quartz. Quartz, a widely abundant mineral, has played a significant role in human history, particularly in the development of timekeeping technology. George W. Pierce’s work on electrical systems and the quartz watch demonstrates the scientific applications of quartz crystals. The use of quartz in hydrothermal technology, as detailed by Byrappa and Yoshimura, further highlights its versatility. Renaissance crystal cutting also flourished in centers like Milan, Prague, and Florence, showcasing the artistic and technological skill applied to quartz.
Opal: The Alternative October Birthstone
The sources also detail opal as an alternative birthstone for October. Opal is a mineraloid formed from silica gel, existing in both precious and common varieties based on its ability to exhibit a play-of-color. The origin of the word “opal” is debated, with potential roots in the Ancient Greek and Sanskrit languages. Historically, opals were rare in Europe until the discovery of Australian deposits. They were believed to possess magical properties, including the ability to bestow good fortune and even invisibility.
Conclusion
Sapphires, as the birthstone of September, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From their association with royalty and prominent families like the Guggenheims and Sassoons to their geological origins in regions like Sri Lanka and Australia, sapphires have left an indelible mark on human culture. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their stunning color and durability but also in the rich lore and metaphysical beliefs that have surrounded them for centuries. The inclusion of information on quartz and opal, while not central to the sapphire discussion, provides a broader context for the world of gemstones and their historical significance.