Sapphires, the esteemed birthstone of September, have captivated humanity for millennia with their rich hues and enduring symbolism. Revered by ancient civilizations and modern royalty alike, these gemstones represent purity, wisdom, and protection. While most commonly recognized for their deep blue color, sapphires actually occur in a remarkable spectrum of shades, each with its own unique appeal. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of the September birthstone, exploring its journey from ancient lore to contemporary jewelry.
History and Lore
The history of sapphires is deeply intertwined with the beliefs and traditions of numerous cultures. Ancient Greeks and Romans associated blue sapphires with protection from harm and envy, believing the gemstone held the power to ward off negative energies. Within the elite circles of these empires, sapphires were prized possessions, signifying status and divine favor. Medieval Europeans continued this tradition, attributing healing properties to the stone, specifically believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye diseases. It was also considered an effective antidote to poison.
Clerics of the Middle Ages held sapphires in high regard, associating the gem with Heaven and incorporating it into their vestments. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the sky’s blue color. Beyond their protective and healing qualities, sapphires were also linked to prophecy; wearing a sapphire ring while consulting an oracle was thought to increase the likelihood of receiving a true and insightful prediction.
The stone’s association with royalty extends beyond ancient times. Sapphires have become synonymous with regal engagements and anniversaries, notably marking the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries. The enduring popularity of sapphires is perhaps best exemplified by the famous engagement ring first worn by Princess Diana and later given to Kate Middleton, featuring a 12-carat blue sapphire surrounded by diamonds.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires belong to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. The presence of trace elements, such as titanium and iron, is responsible for the characteristic blue color of most sapphires. However, the absence of these elements, or the inclusion of others, results in a stunning array of colors, including violet, purple, green, pink, yellow, grey, black, and even colorless varieties. Red corundum, however, is classified as ruby, a distinct and equally prized gemstone.
The formation of sapphires requires specific geological conditions. Notably, the presence of silicone inhibits sapphire formation, making these gemstones relatively rare. Sapphires are typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Historically significant sources include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. These locations have yielded some of the most exceptional sapphires in the world.
More recently, significant quantities of sapphires have been discovered in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone, originated in Myanmar and was acquired from an Indian maharaja in 1934. This illustrates the historical importance of the region as a source of high-quality sapphires.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum and is renowned for its exceptional durability. It is second only to diamond in hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale. This makes it an ideal gemstone for everyday wear, resistant to scratching and abrasion. The chemical composition of sapphire is aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃).
While blue is the most commonly recognized color, sapphires exhibit a wide range of hues. Those that are not blue, and are not red (rubies), are referred to as “fancy color” sapphires. The rarest and most prized of these are padparadscha sapphires, derived from the Sinhalese word for lotus flower, characterized by a delicate pinkish-orange color. Some sapphires even exhibit the phenomenon of color change, shifting from blue to purple depending on the light source.
Sapphires are typically transparent, allowing light to pass through, which contributes to their brilliance. They can be found in various cuts, including oval, cushion, round, and emerald, depending on the rough stone’s shape and the desired aesthetic. Sapphires are measured in carats, with one carat equaling 0.2 grams. Clarity, referring to the absence of inclusions, also affects a sapphire’s value, with more flawless stones commanding higher prices.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.99 – 4.00 |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 – 1.778 |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with profound symbolism. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These qualities have contributed to its enduring association with royalty and spiritual leaders. Beyond these core meanings, sapphires are also believed to promote good health and facilitate communication with the divine.
In ancient times, wearing a sapphire ring was thought to enhance one’s ability to receive accurate prophecies. The stone is also associated with illumination and spiritual insight, particularly through the use of lapis lazuli, a blue stone with similar metaphysical properties that is sometimes considered an alternative September birthstone. Aventurine, another alternative, is linked to abundance, empathy, and creativity, and is associated with the zodiac sign Virgo.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and prevent damage. Sapphires can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone or its setting.
It is also advisable to remove sapphire jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help remove dirt and oils, allowing the sapphire to retain its luster and sparkle. Given its resistance to scratching, sapphire jewelry can be worn daily with appropriate care.
Conclusion
Sapphire, the captivating birthstone of September, embodies a rich history, remarkable geological origins, and enduring symbolism. From its ancient associations with protection and healing to its modern representation of royalty and faithfulness, the sapphire continues to enchant and inspire. Its exceptional durability, combined with its stunning array of colors, makes it a treasured gemstone for jewelry and a meaningful gift for those born in the ninth month of the year. The sapphire’s legacy as a stone of nobility, wisdom, and beauty ensures its continued prominence in the world of gemstones for generations to come.