The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year, and even with the days of the week and zodiac signs, is a practice steeped in history and symbolism. While modern interpretations often focus on aesthetic appeal and personal preference, the origins of birthstones lie in ancient beliefs about the healing powers and protective qualities of gemstones, and their connection to astrological influences. This article will explore the twelve traditional birthstones, drawing upon historical context, gemological properties, and cultural significance as outlined in available sources.
History and Lore
The practice of linking gemstones to specific months is believed to have originated in ancient Israel, with the twelve stones on the breastplate of Aaron representing the twelve tribes of Israel and corresponding to the months of the year. This connection was further developed in ancient Greece and Rome, where gemstones were associated with the zodiac signs and believed to possess unique powers. The modern birthstone list, however, is a relatively recent development, standardized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers (though variations still exist).
Throughout history, birthstones were not merely ornamental; they were considered talismans, offering protection, good fortune, and even medicinal benefits. Garnets were worn by Vikings as protective amulets, believed to safeguard them in battle and during travel. Amethysts were thought to prevent intoxication, and emeralds were associated with fertility and rebirth. The belief in the metaphysical properties of gemstones continues to resonate with many today, adding another layer of meaning to these beautiful stones.
A Monthly Guide to Birthstones
The following outlines each birthstone, its associated month, color, and key symbolic meanings, based on available information.
January: Garnet – The traditional birthstone for January is the garnet, a gemstone known for its deep red color, reminiscent of a pomegranate (from which its name is derived – Latin granatus). Garnets symbolize faith, fidelity, and true friendship. Historically, they were worn for protection and boldness, and were favored by Vikings, often found in unearthed Viking jewelry. Medieval medicine attributed anti-inflammatory and fever-reducing properties to the garnet, and believed it could induce sleep and attract wealth. Its Mohs hardness ranges from 7 to 7.5.
February: Amethyst – February’s birthstone, the amethyst, is celebrated for its captivating shades of purple, often considered a noble or royal color. Amethysts represent peace, sincerity, and contentment. However, exposure to sunlight can fade its color, turning it yellow. These stones are primarily mined in North and South America.
March: Aquamarine – Those born in March are associated with the aquamarine, a gemstone exhibiting shades of blue and green, and even white. Aquamarine symbolizes honesty, loyalty, and beauty. It is considered a durable stone, making it a popular choice for jewelry. Sources indicate mining locations include the East Coast of the United States and Brazil.
April: Diamond – The diamond, a symbol of enduring love, is the birthstone for April. Renowned as the hardest known substance on Earth, diamonds are available in a spectrum of colors – browns, yellows, greys, pinks, reds, purples, and blues – with color influencing its quality alongside carat weight. Jewelers recommend storing diamonds separately to prevent damage to other gemstones.
May: Emerald – May’s birthstone, the emerald, is prized for its vibrant green hue. Emeralds are associated with faith, wisdom, a good love life, and overall happiness. While typically green, they can also be found in shades of blue and yellow. Mining locations include Europe and parts of Africa.
June: Pearl and Alexandrite – June boasts two birthstones: the pearl and the alexandrite. Pearls, known for their iridescent white luster, symbolize purity and sincerity. Alexandrite, a color-changing gemstone, is less commonly known.
July: Ruby – The ruby, with its bold red color, is the birthstone for July, representing passionate love.
August: Peridot – August’s birthstone, the peridot, is a green gemstone often associated with the start of fall. Originally believed to represent strength, peridot was also thought to act as a dream catcher when set in gold jewelry.
September: Sapphire – September’s birthstone, the sapphire, is most commonly known for its darker shades of blue, though pink, white, and yellow sapphires also exist. Sapphires symbolize peace and serenity and are mined in Asia and Africa, as well as the United States.
October: Opal – October’s birthstone, the opal, is often white, but can display traces of blue and yellow. The name "opal" translates to "seeing in a different color." Major mining locations include Australia, Ethiopia, the USA, and Mexico.
November: Topaz and Citrine – November has two birthstones: the topaz and the citrine. Topaz is most commonly found in blue, while citrine is a beautiful orange variety of quartz.
December: Blue Topaz – December’s birthstone, the blue topaz, is a bright blue gemstone symbolizing peace and calmness. Its Mohs hardness is 8.
Zodiac Birthstones: A Celestial Connection
Beyond monthly birthstones, ancient astrologers assigned gemstones to the planets, believing them to reflect the influence of the stars. These zodiac birthstones, often semi-precious, were originally considered equivalent to the standard birthstones, but have since become a separate tradition.
- Aries (Mar. 21-Apr. 20): Red Jasper
- Taurus (Apr. 21-May 20): Rose Quartz
- Gemini (May 21-June 21): Tiger’s Eye
- Cancer (June 22-July 22): Chrysoprase
- Leo (July 23-Aug. 23): Rock Crystal
- Virgo (Aug. 24-Sept. 23): Citrine
- Libra (Sept. 24-Oct. 23): Orange Citrine
- Scorpio (Oct. 24-Nov. 22): Carnelian
- Sagittarius (Nov. 23-Dec. 21): Sapphire
- Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 20): Onyx
- Aquarius (Jan. 21-Feb. 19): Turquoise
- Pisces (Feb. 20-Mar. 20): Amethyst
Days of the Week Gemstones
Interestingly, gemstones were also associated with the days of the week, believed to absorb the energies of the planets and bestow them upon the wearer:
- Sunday: Gold Topaz
- Monday: Moonstone or Pearl
- Tuesday: Ruby or Garnet
- Wednesday: Turquoise, Sapphire, or Lapis Lazuli
- Thursday: Amethyst
- Friday: Emerald
- Saturday: Diamond
Conclusion
The world of birthstones is a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and cultural belief. From ancient protective amulets to modern symbols of personal significance, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. While the specific associations and meanings have evolved over time, the enduring appeal of birthstones lies in their beauty, their perceived powers, and their ability to connect us to the past and to the natural world.