December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, boasting not one, but four official gems: Tanzanite, Zircon, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz. Each of these stones presents a distinct shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season, and carries with it a rich history and unique symbolism. While Turquoise has been treasured for centuries as the traditional choice, Tanzanite is a more recent discovery, unearthed in Tanzania in 1967. These gemstones are associated with qualities like wisdom, protection, and new beginnings, offering December-born individuals a diverse selection to express their individuality.
A History of December’s Gems
The history of December birthstones is a layered one, spanning millennia and encompassing diverse cultural beliefs. Turquoise, one of the oldest known gemstones, dates back as far as 3000 BC, and has been revered across numerous civilizations. Lapis Lazuli, also considered a traditional December stone, was similarly prized in ancient times for its association with wisdom and royalty. These gems were often incorporated into jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects, reflecting their perceived spiritual and protective powers.
Zircon, the oldest of the three more commonly recognized December birthstones, has a history stretching back over 4.4 billion years. The more recent additions, Blue Topaz and Tanzanite, represent a continuation of this tradition, albeit with more modern origins. Tanzanite’s story is particularly compelling, as it was only discovered in the late 1960s and quickly gained prominence thanks to the marketing efforts of Tiffany & Co. The trend of wearing birthstones, however, isn’t a recent phenomenon, with roots extending back to ancient medieval times.
The Geological Origins and Sources
The formation and sourcing of these December birthstones vary considerably. Turquoise, a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forms in relatively dry, arid environments, often near copper deposits. Its vibrant color is derived from the presence of copper. Zircon, a natural mineral composed of zirconium silicate, is found in a variety of geological settings, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Blue Topaz is a variety of topaz, an aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide, often found in volcanic rocks.
Tanzanite’s origin is particularly localized. It is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro. The gem was discovered by a Maasai tribesman named Jumanne Ngoma, and initially mistaken for sapphire. Its unique geological formation requires a specific combination of conditions, making it a remarkably rare gemstone. The limited supply of Tanzanite contributes to its value and desirability.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Look
Each of December’s birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Refractive Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue to blue-green | 1.61 - 1.62 |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, red, brown, yellow, colorless | 1.81 - 2.02 |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | 8 | Blue | 1.609 - 1.625 |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue-violet to violet-blue | 1.619 - 1.688 |
Zircon is notably dense, with a density approximately 50% higher than diamond. Its high refractive index contributes to its brilliance and sparkle, making colorless zircon a viable alternative to diamond. Tanzanite exhibits strong trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors – blue, violet, and burgundy – depending on the viewing angle. This characteristic adds to its allure and complexity. Blue Topaz, while durable, is susceptible to cleavage, requiring careful handling. Turquoise, being relatively soft, requires gentle care to avoid scratches and damage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these December birthstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective talisman, symbolizing good fortune and tranquility. It was believed to instill inner calm and foster creativity. Lapis Lazuli, with its deep blue hue, was associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment, believed to enhance intellectual abilities.
Zircon is often linked to prosperity and wisdom, while Blue Topaz is thought to promote communication and emotional stability. Tanzanite, as a more recently discovered gem, has developed a reputation for transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to facilitate connection to higher consciousness and promote intuitive abilities. The stones are believed to be blessed to those who wear them in rings, pendants, and other jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December birthstones. Turquoise, due to its relative softness, should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon and Blue Topaz, being more durable, can withstand gentle cleaning with warm soapy water and a soft brush. However, avoid sudden temperature changes, as this can cause fractures.
Tanzanite requires particularly careful handling. It is susceptible to damage from heat and ultrasonic cleaners. Cleaning should be done with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. It is advisable to have Tanzanite jewelry professionally cleaned and inspected regularly. All stones should be stored separately to prevent scratching.
The Rise of Tanzanite: A Modern Gemstone Story
The story of Tanzanite is a fascinating example of how a gemstone can be brought to prominence through strategic marketing. Discovered in 1967, the gem initially faced a branding challenge. The name "blue zoisite" sounded unappealingly similar to "blue suicide." Recognizing this issue, Tiffany & Co. rebranded the gem as "Tanzanite," honoring its country of origin and creating a more marketable name.
This rebranding, coupled with a broad-based advertising campaign, quickly established Tanzanite as a desirable gemstone. Today, it is not only a December birthstone but also the gem for the 24th wedding anniversary. Its vivid colors, high clarity, and potential for larger cut stones have contributed to its enduring popularity.
December Birthstone Variations: A Daily Guide
The provided materials indicate a fascinating variation in birthstone assignments based on the day of the month. This suggests a more nuanced approach to December birthstones than simply choosing from the four main options.
- December 4th: Blue Topaz
- December 5th: Tanzanite
- December 6th: Turquoise
- December 7th: Blue Zircon
- December 8th: Blue Topaz
- December 9th: Tanzanite
- December 10th: Turquoise
- December 11th: Blue Zircon
- December 12th: Blue Topaz
- December 13th: Tanzanite
- December 14th: Turquoise
- December 15th: Blue Zircon
- December 16th: Blue Topaz
- December 17th: Tanzanite
- December 18th: Turquoise
- December 19th: Blue Zircon
- December 20th: Blue Topaz
- December 21st: Tanzanite
- December 22nd: Turquoise
- December 23rd: Blue Zircon
- December 24th: Blue Topaz
- December 25th: Tanzanite
- December 26th: Turquoise
- December 27th: Blue Zircon
- December 28th: Blue Topaz
- December 29th: Tanzanite
- December 30th: Turquoise
- December 31st: Blue Zircon
This daily assignment offers a personalized touch to the birthstone tradition, allowing individuals to connect with a gem that resonates with their specific birthdate.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Tanzanite, Zircon, Turquoise, and Blue Topaz – represent a captivating blend of history, symbolism, and geological wonder. From the ancient origins of Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli to the modern discovery of Tanzanite, these gems offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. Each stone possesses unique properties and meanings, reflecting the wearer’s personality and connecting them to a rich cultural heritage. When choosing a December birthstone, careful consideration of these factors ensures a meaningful and lasting connection to a truly special gem.