Birthstones are gemstones that have long been associated with the months of the year, each carrying a unique historical, symbolic, and sometimes even spiritual significance. From ancient traditions to modern jewelry trends, birthstones have captivated people for centuries. This article delves into the history of birthstones, the evolution of their lists, and the current official birthstone assignments by month. We will also explore the cultural and symbolic meanings of these gemstones, their gemological properties, and how they have been used in jewelry and personal adornment over time.
The Origins and Evolution of Birthstone Lists
The idea of associating gemstones with specific months can be traced back to the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the biblical book of Exodus. According to this text, Aaron, the high priest of the Israelites, wore a breastplate adorned with 12 stones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones were linked to the months of the year, forming the basis of the earliest birthstone lists.
By the 19th and 20th centuries, several variations of birthstone lists had emerged across different cultures. These lists varied in the stones they included and the months to which they were assigned. In 1912, the American National Retail Jewelers Association (now known as Jewelers of America) created what is considered the first official modern list of birthstones. This list was intended to standardize the assignment of gemstones to months and has remained largely unchanged since its introduction, with a few notable additions in later years.
The modern birthstone list includes one or more gemstones for each month, and these are often categorized into three types:
- Ancient Birthstones: These refer to the earliest known associations between gemstones and months, many of which were based on biblical or historical traditions.
- Traditional Birthstones: These are the gemstones that were commonly used in jewelry and popular culture in earlier centuries.
- Modern Birthstones: This is the current list, as defined by the American National Retail Jewelers Association and later updated by the Jewelry Industry Council of America and the American Gem Trade Association.
The modern list was officially established in 1912 and has since seen a few additions. For example, in 1952, the gemstone Alexandrite was added to the list for June. In 2016, Spinel was added as a birthstone for August. These additions reflect the evolving nature of the birthstone tradition and the inclusion of newer, more accessible gemstones.
The Official Modern Birthstone List by Month
The modern birthstone list includes one or more gemstones for each month of the year. These gemstones are selected based on their availability, beauty, and historical or cultural significance. Below is the official modern birthstone list as defined by the American National Retail Jewelers Association:
| Month | Modern Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|
| January | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine, Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond, Rock Crystal |
| May | Emerald, Chrysoprase |
| June | Pearl, Alexandrite, Moonstone |
| July | Ruby, Carnelian, Onyx |
| August | Peridot, Spinel, Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire |
| October | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli |
As shown in the table, some months are associated with more than one gemstone. This is due to the fact that some gemstones were historically used for the same month, or that new gemstones were added to reflect contemporary trends and availability. For example, Tanzanite, a relatively new gemstone discovered in the 20th century, was added to the December birthstone list to honor its modern significance.
The Historical and Cultural Significance of Birthstones
Birthstones have long been regarded as more than just decorative objects; they have held symbolic and spiritual significance in various cultures. In ancient times, people believed that wearing the birthstone of their birth month could bring good fortune, protection, and even healing. These beliefs were rooted in the idea that each gemstone possessed unique energies and properties that could influence the wearer’s health, mood, and destiny.
For example, Garnet, the birthstone of January, was believed to protect travelers and provide vitality and strength. Amethyst, the birthstone of February, was considered a stone of sobriety and protection from intoxication. Emerald, the birthstone of May, was associated with love and fertility in ancient cultures.
The symbolic meanings of birthstones have been passed down through generations and continue to influence modern jewelry design and personal adornment. Today, people often choose birthstone jewelry not only for its beauty but also for the positive qualities and meanings associated with the gemstone.
Gemological Properties of Popular Birthstones
Each birthstone is defined by its unique gemological properties, including hardness, chemical composition, refractive index, and color. These properties determine how the gemstone is used in jewelry and how it should be cared for.
1. Garnet (January)
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: A group of silicate minerals
- Color: Typically red, but can also be found in green, orange, and purple
- Symbolism: Protection, vitality, and strength
Garnet is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for everyday wear. Its hardness makes it resistant to scratches and damage, making it a popular choice for rings and bracelets.
2. Amethyst (February)
- Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)
- Color: Purple, ranging from light lavender to deep violet
- Symbolism: Sobriety, calmness, and spiritual clarity
Amethyst is a relatively soft gemstone compared to others, so it should be handled with care. It is often used in earrings, pendants, and brooches.
3. Aquamarine (March)
- Hardness: 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Beryllium aluminum silicate
- Color: Blue to blue-green
- Symbolism: Courage, calmness, and protection
Aquamarine is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry. Its vibrant blue color makes it a popular choice for rings, pendants, and earrings.
4. Diamond (April)
- Hardness: 10 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Carbon (C)
- Color: Colorless to yellow, brown, and even blue or pink
- Symbolism: Purity, strength, and eternal love
Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring mineral and is one of the most valuable gemstones in the world. It is often used in engagement rings and other fine jewelry.
5. Emerald (May)
- Hardness: 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Beryllium aluminum silicate
- Color: Deep green
- Symbolism: Love, fertility, and rebirth
Emerald is a soft gemstone that is prone to chipping and cracking. It should be handled with care and stored separately from other gemstones to avoid damage.
6. Pearl (June)
- Hardness: 2.5 to 4.5 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Calcium carbonate
- Color: White to pink
- Symbolism: Purity, innocence, and wisdom
Pearls are organic gemstones formed inside mollusks. They are soft and require gentle handling and cleaning to maintain their luster.
7. Ruby (July)
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum oxide with trace amounts of chromium
- Color: Red
- Symbolism: Passion, power, and protection
Ruby is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry. Its deep red color and high hardness make it a popular choice for rings and pendants.
8. Peridot (August)
- Hardness: 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Magnesium iron silicate
- Color: Green
- Symbolism: Strength, healing, and renewal
Peridot is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry. Its vibrant green color makes it a unique and eye-catching choice for rings and earrings.
9. Sapphire (September)
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum oxide
- Color: Blue, pink, yellow, green, and even colorless
- Symbolism: Wisdom, truth, and fidelity
Sapphire is one of the hardest and most durable gemstones, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other fine jewelry.
10. Opal (October)
- Hardness: 5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated silica
- Color: Multicolored (play of color)
- Symbolism: Hope, inspiration, and creativity
Opal is a soft and delicate gemstone that requires special care. It should be stored in a cool, dry place to avoid cracking or losing its luster.
11. Topaz (November)
- Hardness: 8 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Aluminum silicate
- Color: Yellow, blue, pink, and colorless
- Symbolism: Strength, power, and protection
Topaz is a durable gemstone that is well-suited for jewelry. Its bright colors make it a popular choice for rings and pendants.
12. Turquoise (December)
- Hardness: 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale
- Chemical Composition: Hydrated copper aluminum phosphate
- Color: Blue to green
- Symbolism: Protection, good fortune, and spiritual guidance
Turquoise is a soft gemstone that requires gentle handling and cleaning. It is often used in jewelry and decorative objects.
Caring for Your Birthstone Jewelry
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of your birthstone jewelry. The care instructions will vary depending on the type of gemstone, but there are some general guidelines that apply to most birthstones:
Avoid Exposure to Heat and Sunlight: Many gemstones, including opal, turquoise, and pearls, are sensitive to heat and sunlight. Prolonged exposure can cause them to lose their luster or even crack.
Clean Gently: Use a soft, lint-free cloth and mild soap to clean your gemstone jewelry. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the gemstone.
Store Separately: To prevent scratches and damage, store your gemstone jewelry in individual compartments or soft pouches. This is especially important for softer gemstones like pearls and opal.
Remove Before Physical Activity: Remove your gemstone jewelry before engaging in physical activity or household chores. This will help prevent accidental damage from impact or abrasion.
Regular Inspection: Have your gemstone jewelry inspected by a professional jeweler regularly to ensure that the settings are secure and that the gemstones are in good condition.
By following these care guidelines, you can ensure that your birthstone jewelry remains beautiful and valuable for many years.
Conclusion
Birthstones have played an important role in human history and culture for centuries. From the biblical Breastplate of Aaron to the modern lists defined by the American National Retail Jewelers Association, the tradition of associating gemstones with months has evolved over time. Each birthstone carries its own unique properties, symbolism, and gemological characteristics, making it a meaningful and beautiful addition to jewelry and personal adornment.
The modern birthstone list, established in 1912 and updated over the years, reflects the changing nature of the gemstone trade and the inclusion of new and exciting gemstones. Whether you are choosing a birthstone for yourself or a loved one, understanding the history, significance, and properties of each gemstone can help you make an informed and meaningful choice.
As birthstone jewelry continues to be a popular and cherished tradition, it is important to care for these precious gems properly to ensure their beauty and value are preserved for generations to come.