December boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – each possessing a unique history, geological origin, and aesthetic appeal. For those born in the twelfth month of the year, this offers a diverse range of options when selecting jewelry or exploring the symbolism associated with their birthstone. This article will delve into the characteristics of each of these December birthstones, examining their origins, properties, and cultural significance as revealed by available gemological resources.
A Quartet of Blue Hues
Traditionally, birthstones were attributed to specific months, often with variations across different cultures. Today, December is recognized for having four official birthstones, providing a spectrum of choices for those seeking a meaningful gemstone connection. Each stone offers a distinct shade of blue, though turquoise also presents in green variations, and each carries its own unique lore and geological story.
Historical Significance and Lore
Turquoise holds the longest history of use among these December birthstones, having been cherished for millennia. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, and Chinese artisans were carving the stone over 3,000 years ago. The stone was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and from the 13th century onward, it was thought to offer protection, even breaking into pieces to warn of impending disaster. Hindu traditions associated turquoise with wealth when viewed after a new moon.
While turquoise boasts the most extensive historical record, the other December birthstones also carry cultural weight. The name “topaz” originates from the Sanskrit word for “fire,” hinting at the stone’s early association with warmth and energy. Zircon, often found alongside sapphires, has been valued for its brilliance and variety of colors. Tanzanite, a more recent discovery, quickly gained popularity for its captivating blue-violet hues and association with spiritual awakening.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these gemstones are as diverse as their appearances. Turquoise, a copper aluminum phosphate, forms in semi-humid and dry environments where rainwater and groundwater interact with rocks, creating the characteristic blue-green crystals. The blue hue is derived from copper, while iron contributes to green shades.
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. Most commercially available blue topaz is created by irradiating naturally colorless topaz, a process that enhances its color.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location: Tanzania. Discovered in 1967, this relatively new gemstone quickly became prized for its vibrant color. It begins as brownish zoisite and is then heat-treated to achieve the desired blue to violet shades.
Zircon is often found near sapphire deposits and is sourced from locations including Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique characteristics and suitability for jewelry.
Blue Topaz: This stone has a chemical formula of Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 and exhibits a glass-like luster with deep cleavage, making it somewhat delicate despite its hardness. Blue topaz varieties include London Blue (deep inky blue), Swiss Blue (vibrant medium light blue), and Sky Blue (light aqua).
Blue Zircon: Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. While generally stable, heat-treated zircon can revert to its original color with prolonged light exposure.
Tanzanite: This gemstone registers between 6 and 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It can crack if exposed to very high temperatures or sudden temperature changes and is susceptible to abrasion. It is best suited for earrings or pendants due to its relative fragility.
Turquoise: Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, ranging from blue to green, often displaying veins of matrix – remnants of the rock in which it formed. These veins can be black, silver, tan, or gold.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | 8 | Deep blue to light aqua | Glass-like |
| Blue Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | 6-7.5 | Blue, colorless, orange, red | Adamantine |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | 6-7 | Blue to violet | Vitreous |
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | 5-6 | Blue to green | Waxy to sub-vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these December birthstones are often associated with specific meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been considered a protective stone, safeguarding against misfortune. Tanzanite is believed to activate the throat, third-eye, and crown chakras, facilitating psychic abilities and communication with higher realms. It is also associated with healing, protection, and self-transformation.
While less explicitly detailed in the available sources, blue topaz is often linked to communication and clarity, while zircon is sometimes associated with prosperity and wisdom.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Blue zircon is best avoided in rough conditions, such as gardening or dishwashing, due to its tendency to abrade. Zircon should be cleaned with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended.
Tanzanite, due to its sensitivity to heat and temperature changes, is best set in earrings or pendants and should be cleaned with warm, soapy water, avoiding ultrasonic and steam cleaners.
Blue topaz, while relatively durable, should also be handled with care due to its cleavage. Turquoise, being a softer stone, requires gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive materials.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – offer a captivating array of colors, histories, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite, each gemstone provides a unique connection to the month of December. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, and proper care ensures that these beautiful stones can be cherished for generations. The diverse selection allows individuals born in December to choose a birthstone that resonates with their personal style and beliefs, celebrating the unique spirit of the season and the individual.