August, the eighth month of the year, is associated with three distinct gemstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These stones, each with its own unique color, history, and symbolism, have long been cherished for their aesthetic and metaphysical qualities. Whether set in fine jewelry or used as meaningful gifts, these birthstones offer a rich tapestry of tradition and modern appeal.
This article delves into the geological properties, historical significance, cultural symbolism, and care requirements of the three August birthstones. Drawing from authoritative sources, we explore how these gemstones have been revered across cultures and how they continue to captivate gemstone enthusiasts today.
History and Lore
Sardonyx: The Oldest August Birthstone
Sardonyx is the original August birthstone, with a documented history stretching back over 4,000 years. This banded gemstone is composed of two types of chalcedony: sard, which has a reddish-brown or brownish-orange hue, and onyx, which appears as white or black bands. Ancient civilizations, particularly the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, held sardonyx in high regard.
In ancient Egypt, sardonyx was used to craft amulets and seals, believed to offer protection and good fortune. The Old Testament even references sardonyx as one of the stones carved into the High Priest’s breastplate, underscoring its spiritual and symbolic significance.
Roman soldiers, particularly during times of war, wore sardonyx rings and seals, believing the stone would bring them luck and safeguard them from harm. The Romans also used sardonyx for intricate carvings, including cameos and intaglios, which were often used as personal seals.
Today, sardonyx continues to be valued not only for its historical legacy but also for its modern symbolism. It is associated with open communication, prosperity, and courage. Additionally, it is believed to enhance harmonious relationships, whether romantic, platonic, or professional.
Peridot: The Gem of the Sun
Peridot, the second of August’s birthstones, is a vibrant yellow-green gem that has been admired since antiquity. Known as the "Gem of the Sun," peridot was particularly revered in ancient Egypt, where it was believed to have been gifted by the sun god, Ra. The Egyptians associated peridot with protection from evil spirits and used it in jewelry and amulets.
The name "peridot" is derived from the Arabic word fard, meaning "gem," and it also has Greek roots, where it means "to give plenty." This gemstone is formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is also found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones that originate from outer space.
One of the most famous historical references to peridot is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral, Germany. This shrine is adorned with 200 carats of what was believed to be emerald, but in fact, are peridots. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have been composed largely of peridot, as the color and appearance of the gem were often mistaken for emerald in ancient times.
In Hawaiian mythology, peridot is said to be the tears of the volcanic goddess Pele. Given its fiery origin and vibrant color, peridot has long been associated with vitality, joy, and prosperity.
Spinel: The Rediscovered Treasure
Spinel, the third and relatively newer addition to the August birthstone lineup, has a rich history that is only now being fully appreciated. Historically, red spinel was frequently mistaken for ruby, as the two gems share similar color and appearance. However, with advancements in gemology, spinel is now recognized as a distinct and valuable gemstone in its own right.
Spinel was underappreciated for many years, but in recent decades, it has gained popularity as a more affordable and ethically sourced alternative to ruby and other high-priced gems. Its vibrant colors, including red, pink, and orange, make it a striking choice for jewelry.
The name "spinel" comes from the Latin word spinella, meaning "little thorn," a reference to the gem’s pointed crystal structure. Spinel is found in various locations around the world, including Myanmar, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. It is known for its brilliance and fire, which are comparable to those of ruby and sapphire.
In modern times, spinel has become a favored choice for those seeking a unique and meaningful gemstone. It is believed to symbolize passion, protection, and emotional balance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine and is formed under extreme conditions deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, where it can be found in lava flows and meteorites. This unique geological origin gives peridot a cosmic connection, making it one of the few gemstones that can truly be said to come from outer space.
Major sources of peridot include Egypt, Pakistan, China, and the United States. The most famous deposits are in the volcanic regions of Hawaii and the Red Sea island of Topazios, which is believed to have inspired the name "topaz." Peridot is also found in meteorites that have fallen to Earth, further adding to its mystique.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate. It is formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks, often in association with other gemstones such as ruby and sapphire. Spinel is known for its clarity and brilliance, and it is available in a wide range of colors, including red, pink, orange, and even blue.
The most notable sources of spinel include Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria. Red spinel, in particular, is highly prized for its vibrant color and fire, which can rival that of ruby. Despite its beauty and value, spinel was often overlooked in the past due to confusion with other red gemstones.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony, a form of quartz, and is composed of two layers: the reddish-brown sard and the white or black onyx. This banded structure gives sardonyx its distinctive appearance and makes it ideal for carving into cameos, seals, and intaglios.
Sardonyx is primarily found in India, Brazil, and the United States. It has been mined and used for thousands of years, with ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all having a history of working with the stone. Sardonyx was particularly popular in the ancient world for its durability and ability to hold detailed carvings.
Gemological Properties
Each of August’s birthstones has unique gemological properties that make them distinct and valuable in the world of jewelry and gemology.
Peridot
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellow-green to greenish-yellow |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6.5 to 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.3 to 4.6 |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 to 1.70 |
| Cleavage | None |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Origin | Egypt, Pakistan, China, USA, Meteorites |
Peridot is known for its bright, lively color and its relatively high hardness. It is also notable for its lack of cleavage, which makes it more durable than many other gemstones. However, it is still susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care.
Spinel
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Color | Red, pink, orange, blue, black |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 8 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.6 to 4.0 |
| Refractive Index | 1.718 to 1.720 |
| Cleavage | None |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Origin | Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nigeria |
Spinel is prized for its high hardness and brilliant color. It is particularly noted for its red and pink varieties, which are often mistaken for ruby. Spinel is also highly durable due to its lack of cleavage and high refractive index, which gives it a fire and brilliance comparable to other gemstones.
Sardonyx
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ |
| Color | Brownish-red sard with white or black onyx bands |
| Hardness (Mohs Scale) | 6.5 to 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 2.60 to 2.61 |
| Refractive Index | 1.48 to 1.53 |
| Cleavage | None |
| Transparency | Translucent to opaque |
| Luster | Waxy to greasy |
| Origin | India, Brazil, USA |
Sardonyx is a durable gemstone with a unique banded pattern. It is often used for carved cameos and seals due to its ability to hold fine details. While it is not as hard as some other gemstones, its waxy luster and banding make it a popular choice for decorative jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, vitality, and protection. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune. It was also believed to promote inner peace and emotional balance.
In modern times, peridot is considered a stone of renewal and transformation. It is believed to help clear the mind of negative thoughts and encourage a more positive outlook on life. It is also associated with prosperity and success, making it a popular choice for those seeking to enhance their career or financial situation.
Spinel
Spinel is often associated with passion, energy, and emotional balance. Red spinel, in particular, is believed to stimulate the heart and bring warmth and vitality to the wearer. It is also believed to help with emotional healing and to promote a sense of inner strength.
Spinel is considered a protective stone, believed to shield the wearer from negative influences and to promote courage and confidence. It is also associated with love and relationships, making it a popular choice for engagement rings and other romantic jewelry.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a powerful stone for protection and communication. It is believed to help the wearer express themselves clearly and confidently, making it a valuable tool for those in leadership or public speaking roles.
Sardonyx is also associated with courage and resilience. It is believed to help the wearer overcome fear and anxiety and to face challenges with determination. It is also considered a stone of good fortune and prosperity, making it a popular choice for those seeking success in business or personal endeavors.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of August’s birthstones. Each gemstone has its own unique requirements for cleaning and storage.
Peridot
Peridot is relatively hard and durable, but it can be scratched by harder materials. It should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be used with caution, as they can damage the gemstone if it contains inclusions or fractures.
Peridot should be stored separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching. It is also sensitive to sudden temperature changes, so it should be kept away from extreme heat or cold.
Spinel
Spinel is a durable gemstone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is safe to use ultrasonic and steam cleaners, as long as the gemstone does not have any inclusions or fractures.
Spinel should be stored in a soft pouch or a separate compartment to avoid scratches from other gemstones. It is also resistant to most chemicals, making it easy to care for and maintain.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a durable stone that can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. It is not recommended to use ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the surface of the stone or remove any polish.
Sardonyx should be stored separately from other gemstones to avoid scratches. It is also resistant to most chemicals and is relatively easy to maintain.
Conclusion
The August birthstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. From the fiery red of spinel to the vibrant green of peridot and the banded patterns of sardonyx, these gemstones have captivated people for centuries.
Whether worn for their aesthetic appeal or their metaphysical properties, these stones continue to hold a special place in the world of gemology and jewelry. Their rich history and enduring popularity make them a meaningful choice for those born in August or for anyone looking to add a touch of natural beauty to their collection.