December boasts a unique distinction among birthstone months: it possesses not one, but three recognized gemstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. Each stone offers a distinct hue of blue, along with a rich history and captivating lore. This article will delve into the origins, properties, symbolism, and historical significance of these December birthstones, drawing upon available knowledge to provide a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, evolving from ancient beliefs in their protective and healing powers to modern traditions of gift-giving. Turquoise holds the longest documented history of the three, with evidence of its use stretching back millennia. Ancient Egyptian pharaohs, as early as 3,000 years ago, adorned themselves with turquoise, believing it to possess beneficial qualities. Similarly, turquoise held significance for Hindu mystics and Native American tribes. Apache tribes believed turquoise could be found at the end of a rainbow and would improve one’s aim, while the Pueblo tribe attributed its color to the sky itself. The Hopi tribe even had a creation myth involving lizards producing the gemstone. Its association with royalty is further evidenced by its inclusion in King Tut’s funerary mask and a stunning Cartier necklace owned by the Duchess of Windsor. In Tibet, turquoise is considered a national treasure, revered for its ability to provide health, good fortune, and protection.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is a relatively recent discovery. Identified as the mineral zoisite in 1962, its primary source was located in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania in 1967, leading to its naming in honor of the country. Tiffany & Co. played a pivotal role in popularizing tanzanite through a major advertising campaign in 1968, recognizing its international appeal due to its vivid colors and clarity. It quickly gained recognition, becoming not only a December birthstone but also the gem for the 24th wedding anniversary.
Zircon, while also a December birthstone, receives less detailed historical coverage in the provided sources. However, the sources indicate it is discovered before the 13th century.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a copper aluminum phosphate, formed when chemicals seep from adjacent rocks through rain and groundwater in semi-humid and dry environments. The blue hue is derived from copper, while iron contributes to green variations. Veins within the stone are remnants of the host rock, appearing in colors like black, silver, tan, or gold.
Tanzanite is exclusively sourced from the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. The mining operations are extensive, with thousands of workers recovering the gem from depths exceeding 100 meters. The landscape surrounding the mines is characterized by grass-covered hillsides and the backdrop of Mount Kilimanjaro.
The sources do not provide specific details regarding the geological formation or primary sources of zircon.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is described as an opaque stone, ranging in color from brilliant blue to green. Its durability is considered decent for everyday wear, though it is susceptible to surface damage from scratches or impacts.
Tanzanite is often described as “velvety” due to its deep, saturated color, which ranges from rich blue to violet, with blue being the most valuable hue. It exhibits high clarity and potential for large cut stones.
The provided sources do not detail the gemological properties of zircon.
Here's a table summarizing the available properties:
| Gemstone | Color | Transparency | Durability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue to Green | Opaque | Decent |
| Tanzanite | Blue to Violet | High Clarity | N/A |
| Zircon | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with health and good fortune. Ancient beliefs held that it protected wearers from falls (particularly from horses) and even warned of impending disaster by breaking into pieces. Hindu mystics believed viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring wealth.
Tanzanite, while newer to the scene, is associated with transformation and spiritual growth. Its discovery in Tanzania and subsequent promotion by Tiffany & Co. contributed to its image as a sophisticated and desirable gemstone.
The sources mention that blue sapphires (mentioned in relation to September birthstones) symbolize sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility, and were believed to have healing powers, curing plague boils and diseases of the eye, and acting as an antidote to poison. While not directly attributed to the December birthstones, this highlights the historical belief in the protective and curative powers of blue gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
The sources offer limited guidance on the care and cleaning of these gemstones. However, given turquoise’s susceptibility to surface damage, gentle handling and avoiding harsh chemicals are recommended. The durability of tanzanite and zircon is not specified, so general gemstone care practices – such as cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush – would be appropriate.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a diverse and fascinating collection of gemstones. Turquoise, with its ancient origins and rich cultural significance, offers a connection to the past. Tanzanite, a more recent discovery, embodies modern elegance and sophistication. While information on zircon is limited within these sources, its inclusion as a December birthstone underscores the variety and beauty available to those born in the final month of the year. Each stone carries its own unique history, symbolism, and appeal, making December a truly special month for gemstone enthusiasts.