Peridot, a gem celebrated for its vibrant green hues, holds a prominent place as a traditional and modern birthstone for those born in August. Often referred to as the “evening emerald,” this gemstone boasts a history stretching back millennia, interwoven with tales of ancient civilizations, mistaken identities, and evolving symbolism. While spinel and sardonyx also represent August birthdays, peridot remains the most widely recognized and cherished of the three. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, providing a comprehensive overview of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is, in many ways, a story of mistaken identity. Ancient civilizations frequently confused peridot with other green gems, notably emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be a significant source of topaz, but in reality, it yielded peridot. This historical misattribution led to the gem being referred to as “topaz” for centuries, a practice documented as late as the 19th century. George Frederick Kuntz, in his 1913 publication The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, noted that the “topaz of the ancients was usually our chrysolite, or peridot.”
Throughout history, peridot has been highly valued. Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have actually consisted largely of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with approximately 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
References to peridot also appear in biblical texts. It is linked to the tribe of Ephraim, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, and its presence is traced back to the Breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus. Sardonyx and peridot are both recognized as traditional birthstones with roots in these ancient biblical references.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of iron and magnesium. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even within meteorites originating from outer space. This unique origin contributes to its distinctive properties and relative rarity.
While historically sourced from Topazios (Zabargad) in the Red Sea, modern peridot is also found in several other locations. Recent discoveries in the American Southwest, particularly in Arizona, have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Other notable sources include Myanmar (Burma), Brazil, Pakistan, and Vietnam. The gem’s presence in these diverse locations underscores its formation in volcanic and metamorphic environments.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s color is its most defining characteristic, ranging from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, olive, and brownish-green. This coloration is a direct result of the iron content within the olivine structure. Uniquely, peridot occurs in only one color, unlike many other gemstones that exhibit a wider spectrum.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to brownish-green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 - 1.689 |
Peridot possesses a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it moderately durable but susceptible to scratching from harder materials. This relative softness requires careful handling and protection when worn in jewelry. Spinel, another August birthstone, is notably harder, registering an 8 on the Mohs scale.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning and attributed with various metaphysical properties. Traditionally, it was believed to symbolize strength and offer protection against nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Ancient Hawaiians associated peridot with the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity, further reinforcing its connection to powerful natural forces.
In more recent times, peridot is often associated with qualities such as vitality, purification, and positive energy. While these beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they contribute to the gem’s enduring appeal and cultural significance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. The recommended cleaning method involves using warm, soapy water and a soft brush to gently remove dirt and grime. Avoid abrasive cleaners or steam cleaning, as these can damage the gem’s surface. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s vibrant color and luster. Peridot jewelry should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching.
The Addition of Spinel as an August Birthstone
While peridot and sardonyx have long held the title of August birthstones, spinel was a more recent addition. The Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) updated their birthstone list in 2016, adding spinel as a modern alternative. This change marked an unprecedented shift in the widely recognized birthstone list, offering those born in August a broader selection of gemstones to choose from. Spinel is available in a variety of colors, including red, pink, blue, white, and black, providing a diverse range of options beyond peridot’s characteristic green.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green gem of August, boasts a rich history marked by mistaken identities, ancient lore, and enduring symbolism. From its origins in volcanic landscapes and even meteorites to its association with goddesses and protective powers, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. While spinel and sardonyx offer alternative choices for August birthdays, peridot remains the most iconic and widely recognized birthstone for this month, representing strength, vitality, and a connection to the Earth’s powerful forces. Its unique geological formation, distinctive color, and historical significance ensure its continued appeal for generations to come.