December boasts a remarkable selection of birthstones – Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite – each offering a unique shade of blue and a rich history. While Turquoise holds the distinction as the most traditional choice, admired for centuries, Tanzanite represents a more recent discovery, unearthed in Tanzania in 1967. These gemstones carry diverse meanings, from wisdom and protection to new beginnings, providing December-born individuals with a meaningful range of options. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these captivating December birthstones.
History and Lore
The history of December birthstones is layered, evolving over time and across cultures. Turquoise, with its ancient roots, was favored for creating amulets due to its ease of carving and inscription. As early as ancient times, it was believed to offer protection against danger and bring good fortune. The name “turquoise” itself originates from the fact that the gemstone entered Europe through Turkish markets, having been sourced from Persia and the Sinai Peninsula. Beyond protection, turquoise symbolized enduring love and friendship, making it a cherished gift between lovers and companions. Tibetans held turquoise in high regard, associating it with fortune, health, and success, even utilizing it as a form of currency. Ancient Incas and Mayas offered turquoise as gifts to their deities, while Native Americans of the Southwest linked it to youth and strength, believing a combination of turquoise and gold symbolized vitality and longevity.
Zircon’s history is equally compelling, with the name deriving from the Arabic word for “jewel” and the Sanskrit term ‘rahuratna’. Historically, zircon was believed to ward off evil spirits and was even used as a protective measure against the Black Death in Europe. Physicians in the Middle Ages wore zircon on their left fingers, believing it aided in accurate diagnoses. In India, the potency of zircon was thought to be enhanced when set in gold. Colorless zircon, known as jargoon, was often compared to diamond, though it is a softer stone. Some Sri Lankan zircons were even referred to as ‘Maturan Diamond’ due to their diamond-like appearance.
Tanzanite, the newest addition to the December birthstone family, has a comparatively brief but captivating history. Discovered in Tanzania in 1967, it was quickly named by Tiffany & Co. after its country of origin. Its popularity soared, becoming a favorite among celebrities, with figures like Anne Hathaway, Cate Blanchett, and Sarah Jessica Parker spotted wearing tanzanite jewelry. A notable example is Jay Z’s reported gift of a tanzanite ring to his wife, Beyoncé, to celebrate the birth of their daughter, Blue Ivy.
Geological Formation and Sources
Zircon is a widespread gemstone, with Australia and South Africa accounting for approximately 70% of global production. Additional sources include Sri Lanka and India. Turquoise, historically sourced from Persia and the Sinai Peninsula, continues to be found in various locations worldwide. Tanzanite, however, is remarkably unique, found exclusively in a small region of Tanzania, contributing to its rarity and value.
Gemological Properties
Zircon comes in a variety of colors, including colorless (jargoon), orange-red (jacinth or hyacinth), and blue. Its radiance is often compared to that of a diamond. While similar in appearance, zircon is softer than diamond.
Turquoise is known for its distinctive sky-blue to greenish-blue hue, often with matrix patterns.
Tanzanite exhibits a fascinating pleochroism, displaying blue, violet, or burgundy colors depending on the viewing angle and light source. Under standard artificial light, it appears violet, while fluorescent light reveals a blue hue. Rough tanzanite stones are often heated to remove brown-burgundy tones, enhancing the desired blue and violet colors. Tanzanite can range in cost from $400 to $1500 per carat, and even more, reflecting its rarity.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs Scale) | Notable Colors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6.5 - 7.5 | Colorless, Blue, Orange-Red |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5 - 6 | Sky Blue, Greenish-Blue |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6 - 7 | Blue, Violet, Burgundy |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these December birthstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise was believed to warn its wearer of approaching illness or danger by becoming pale. It was also considered a gemstone preserving relationships and fostering friendship when gifted.
Zircon was historically associated with wisdom and was believed to counteract evil spirits. Ancient Hebrews considered it a gem of wisdom, linking it to Joseph the Wise, known for resisting temptation. Some traditions even suggest that King Solomon possessed a sapphire (sometimes confused with zircon in ancient texts) set in a ring, and the Queen of Sheba sang of it in the Song of Songs.
Tanzanite, while newer to the symbolic landscape, is often associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth. Its connection to Tanzania and its relatively recent discovery contribute to its modern symbolism of new beginnings and embracing change.
Beyond these specific associations, December birthstones are also linked to broader themes of protection, good fortune, and vitality. Beryl, considered a guardian angel birthstone for December, was seen as a “stone of power” by Scottish Highlanders and was believed to reconcile enemies and foster friendships when engraved with a frog. Sapphire, another December birthstone, was regarded as a gem of divine and beautiful thoughts, offering protection from evil forces.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, each December birthstone requires specific care. Zircon, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7.5, is susceptible to scratching and should be stored carefully. Turquoise, being relatively soft (5-6), requires gentle handling and should be protected from impacts. Tanzanite, with a hardness of 6-7, is also prone to scratching and chipping and should be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals for all three gemstones.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient protective powers attributed to Turquoise and Zircon to the modern allure of Tanzanite, these gemstones offer a diverse range of options for those born in the final month of the year. Each stone carries a unique story, reflecting the enduring human fascination with the beauty and mystery of the natural world. The choice of which December birthstone to embrace is a personal one, guided by individual preference and the resonance of each gem’s unique qualities.