Peridot, alongside spinel and sardonyx, holds the distinction of being an August birthstone. Revered throughout history and possessing a unique geological origin, this gem offers a captivating blend of beauty, lore, and scientific intrigue. Predominantly known for its vibrant green hues, peridot has been mistaken for emeralds throughout the ages, yet maintains its own distinct characteristics and significance. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating gemstone.
History and Lore
Peridot boasts a rich history stretching back millennia. Many historians believe that the famed “emeralds” adorning Cleopatra’s jewelry were, in fact, peridot sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios. This island was a significant source of the gem for centuries, and is even believed to be the origin of the name “topaz,” due to the frequent misidentification.
The stone’s historical significance extends into medieval times, where it was highly valued and used to decorate shrines. Its association with religious artifacts underscores its perceived sacredness and beauty. Beyond its use in royal and religious settings, peridot has been a popular carving material for cameos and intaglios for millennia, particularly sardonyx, a related chalcedony.
In Hawaiian culture, peridot holds a special place, believed to be the tears of Pele, the volcanic goddess. This connection to volcanic activity reflects the gem’s geological origins, as it is often found in hardened lava flows. The gem’s presence in both meteorites and volcanic rock adds to its mystique and perceived power.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, originating deep within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found within hardened lava. Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered in pallasite meteorites, offering a glimpse into the composition of other worlds. While meteorite-sourced peridot exists, these stones are typically too small for use in jewelry.
Historically, Egypt was a primary source of peridot, and the gem remains the national gem of Egypt. The island of Topazios, in the Red Sea, was a particularly prolific source for centuries. More recently, significant deposits have been discovered in Vietnam, yielding stones with varied shades of green that are highly sought after by jewelers. Myanmar (Burma) is also known for producing large, richly colored Burmese peridot. A 2007 discovery in Tanzania has yielded peridot in a range of colors, including pinkish and orangy-red hues, captivating gem collectors. Hawaii also holds cultural significance as a source of peridot, linked to the legend of Pele’s tears.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Its composition primarily consists of magnesium and iron, with the amount of iron influencing the gem’s color and luster. The color of peridot ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, with some stones exhibiting a deep olive-green hue. The intensity of the green color is directly related to the amount of iron present; more iron results in a more distinct and valuable gem. Yellow stones are also found, though less common.
Peridot’s brilliance is often described as an “evening emerald” due to its capacity to sparkle under both natural and artificial light. However, it is crucial to distinguish peridot from emerald, as they possess different chemical compositions and characteristics.
On the Mohs scale of hardness, spinel, another August birthstone, registers an 8, making it a durable gem suitable for everyday wear, including rings. Spinel is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, though high heat can cause some colors to fade. Peridot’s hardness is not explicitly stated in the provided sources.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot is often associated with good health, peace, and harmony. It is popularly known as the “gem of compassion,” believed to bring renewal to all things. Metaphysical beliefs attribute various healing properties to peridot, including the ability to promote restful sleep, calm anger, and alleviate depression.
The gem is also traditionally associated with the 15th wedding anniversary, serving as a meaningful symbol of enduring love and commitment. The banded structure of sardonyx, another August birthstone, has historically symbolized strength and protection. The alternating layers of sard and onyx were believed to ward off negative energies.
Care and Cleaning
Spinel, being an 8 on the Mohs scale, is typically durable enough for all types of jewelry. It can be cleaned using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, although caution is advised if the stone contains fractures. Warm, soapy water is always a safe cleaning alternative. Peridot’s care instructions are not explicitly detailed in the provided sources.
Conclusion
Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx represent the captivating beauty and rich history of August birthstones. Peridot, with its unique geological origins, vibrant green hues, and association with ancient civilizations, continues to enchant gem enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. From Cleopatra’s purported emeralds to the tears of Pele, the lore surrounding peridot adds to its enduring appeal. Its perceived healing properties and symbolic significance further solidify its place as a treasured gemstone. The discovery of new sources and colors, such as the Tanzanian spinels, ensures that these August birthstones will continue to captivate for generations to come.