Opal, a gemstone celebrated for its captivating play of color, holds a unique place in the world of birthstones. Traditionally recognized as the October birthstone, its history is interwoven with tales of beauty, misfortune, and evolving perceptions. While valued throughout much of history, a relatively recent superstition arose linking the wearing of opals to bad luck for those not born in October. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of opal, while also addressing the origins and persistence of the belief that it brings misfortune to those outside its designated birth month.
History and Lore
The origins of the name “opal” are debated, with several potential roots proposed. Some believe it derives from the Roman word opalus, meaning “precious gem,” while others suggest a connection to the Greek opallios, simply meaning “opal.” A further possibility traces the name back to the Sanskrit word upala, meaning “jewel.” Regardless of its etymological origins, opal has been prized for millennia.
Throughout much of history, opal was considered a symbol of hope, purity, and truth. Ancient Romans held the gem in high regard, and its use extended into the Middle Ages. However, a shift in perception occurred in the 19th century, fueled largely by literary works. Sir Walter Scott’s 1829 novel, Anne of Geierstein, featured an opal that reflected the moods of its wearer, ultimately fading and losing its color upon her death. This narrative contributed significantly to the growing association of opal with misfortune.
A particularly dramatic tale involves Spain’s King Alfonso XII, who gifted an opal ring to his wife. Her subsequent death, followed by the deaths of his grandmother, sister, and sister-in-law – all after receiving the same ring – cemented its reputation as a cursed stone. While the king’s own death is attributed to tuberculosis or dysentery, the story further fueled the superstition.
In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers revised the official birthstone list, replacing opal with tourmaline as the primary October birthstone. This decision, however, was driven more by marketing trends and a preference for transparent gems than by any inherent belief in opal’s bad luck. Despite this change, some continue to believe that wearing opal outside of one’s birth month invites misfortune, or that it is particularly lucky for those born during the 6 PM hour on any day.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opals are unique among gemstones in their formation. They are not crystalline like diamonds or rubies, but rather amorphous hydrous silica (SiO2·nH2O). This means they lack a regular atomic structure and contain a significant amount of water – typically between 3% and 21% by weight. Opals form in cracks and voids in the earth, often in sedimentary rock, where silica-rich water percolates through the ground. As the water evaporates, it leaves behind deposits of silica, which gradually build up over millions of years to form the opal. The play of color, opal’s most distinctive characteristic, is caused by the diffraction of light as it passes through microscopic spheres of silica within the stone.
While opals have been found in various locations around the world, certain regions are particularly renowned for their production. Australia is the world’s primary source of opal, accounting for over 90% of global production. South Australia, specifically the Lightning Ridge and Coober Pedy regions, are famous for black opals – prized for their dark body tone and vibrant play of color. Other significant sources include Ethiopia, Mexico, and the United States, with Nevada being a notable producer.
Gemological Properties
Opal’s gemological properties contribute to its unique appeal and also influence its care and durability.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO2·nH2O (Hydrous Silica) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 – 6.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 1.98 – 2.15 |
| Refractive Index | 1.45 |
| Luster | Vitreous to Resinous |
| Color | Displays a “play of color” – various hues |
| Transparency | Typically Translucent to Opaque |
| Cleavage | Imperfect |
Opal’s relatively low hardness makes it susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It is also prone to cracking if exposed to sudden temperature changes or dehydration. The water content within the opal is crucial to its structure and appearance; if the stone dries out, it can crack and lose its play of color. Different varieties of opal exist, categorized by their body tone and play of color. These include white opal, black opal, fire opal, and crystal opal. Black opal, with its dark body tone, is the most valuable, as it provides a striking contrast to the vibrant colors within the stone.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, opal has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Historically, it was believed to enhance beauty and transmit powerful vibrations through the skin. In some traditions, opal is associated with love, passion, and creativity.
According to Vedic science, opal is considered suitable for Libra and Taurus zodiac signs. It is also suggested that individuals seeking to strengthen Venus in their birth chart may benefit from wearing opal. Professionals in artistic fields, such as music, dance, and acting, are also believed to find opal particularly beneficial.
Modern metaphysical beliefs often associate opal with emotional healing, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is said to help release emotional blockages, promote self-expression, and enhance psychic abilities. However, it’s important to note that these beliefs are not scientifically proven and are based on spiritual traditions and personal experiences.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness and sensitivity to dehydration, opal requires special care. When cleaning opal jewelry, it is recommended to use only mild soap and warm water with a soft cloth or brush. Harsh chemicals, steam cleaners, ultrasonics, boiling water, and abrasive materials should be avoided. For solid opal pieces, gentle cleaning is sufficient. However, opal doublets and triplets – which consist of a thin slice of opal bonded to a backing – require even more delicate handling. These should only be wiped with a damp soft cloth and mild soap, and should never be soaked or immersed in water. Storing opal jewelry in a safe place, separate from other pieces, is also crucial. To prevent cracking and loss of color, opals should be stored in a moist environment, such as wrapped in a soft cotton cloth. It is also advisable to remove opal jewelry before engaging in activities that could cause physical damage.
Conclusion
Opal remains a captivating gemstone, steeped in history, lore, and a touch of enduring superstition. While the belief that wearing opal outside of one’s birth month brings bad luck is largely a product of Victorian-era literature and marketing strategies, it continues to persist in popular culture. Despite this, opal’s inherent beauty, unique play of color, and fascinating geological origins ensure its continued appeal to gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike. Understanding its properties and providing proper care will allow owners to enjoy the iridescent beauty of this remarkable gem for years to come.