Peridot, a captivating green gemstone, holds a unique place in both geological history and the lore of birthstones. Recognized as a birthstone for August, this vibrant gem boasts a fascinating origin story, stemming from the Earth’s mantle and often brought to the surface through dramatic volcanic activity. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, and cultural significance of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The exact origins of the name “peridot” are somewhat uncertain, though it can be traced to the French péridot, a term used for any green gem. Its history, however, extends far back into antiquity. While not explicitly detailed in the provided sources regarding ancient civilizations’ specific uses, the gem’s association with positive energy and carefree spirits suggests a long-held appreciation. The sources do not provide details on the Breastplate of Aaron or the evolution of birthstone lists, only noting that the concept dates back to ancient times and was formalized in the 20th century by the American National Retail Jeweler’s Association. This association popularized the “official” birthstone list still in use today, with modern lists often including multiple options for each month.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate compound formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. The sources emphasize that olivine crystals are typically brought to the surface through volcanic processes. This makes peridot a relatively rare gemstone, as its formation requires specific geological conditions and a pathway to the surface. The sources do not specify particular mining locations beyond stating that peridot originates from within the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface via volcanoes.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its distinctive lime-green color. This coloration is inherent to the mineral itself, rather than being caused by trace elements as with some other gemstones. The sources do not provide information on peridot’s refractive index, specific gravity, or crystal system. However, they do establish its classification as a variety of olivine. The sources do not provide information on clarity or cut.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The provided sources do not detail extensive symbolism or metaphysical beliefs associated with peridot. However, the association of larkspur, the July birth flower, with positivity and deep love, and water lilies with rebirth, suggests a broader cultural tendency to imbue gemstones and associated flora with symbolic meaning. The sources do not offer specific beliefs tied directly to peridot.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care and cleaning instructions for peridot.
Other Gemstones Associated with August
While peridot is highlighted as an August birthstone, the sources also mention other gemstones associated with the month. These include spinel, sardonyx, and tourmaline.
Spinel
Spinel is a mineral group and gemstone known for its resistance to erosion. This durability often results in spinel crystals being found in flowing water deposits. Spinel exhibits a wide range of colors, but red and pink varieties are specifically designated as August birthstones. The name “spinel” originates from the Latin spina, meaning “thorn,” referencing the thorny shape of its crystals.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a type of chalcedony formed by layering sard and onyx. The color of sardonyx varies depending on the proportions of these two components, with sard contributing shades of yellowish-red or reddish-brown and onyx typically appearing as white bands. The name itself is a combination of “sard” and “onyx.”
Tourmaline
Tourmaline is not a single mineral but a group of related minerals and gemstones. These gems form when a mixture of elements is heated by hot water and water vapor, with the resulting color dependent on the specific elements present. Tourmaline is notable for occurring in virtually every color, with pink tourmaline being the designated August birthstone color. The name “tourmaline” comes from the Sinhalese tōramalliya, meaning “carnelian.”
Other Gemstones and Their Origins
The sources also briefly touch upon other gemstones, providing insights into their origins and characteristics.
Garnet
Garnet is a group of minerals often found in sedimentary and igneous rocks. Dark red garnets are commonly used as birthstones, particularly for January.
Ruby
Ruby, a precious gem, is a red variety of the mineral corundum. Its red color is attributed to the presence of chromium. The name “ruby” comes from the Medieval Latin rubīnus, meaning “red.”
Carnelian
Carnelian, a type of chalcedony, derives its red or orange color from iron oxide. Carnelian gemstones are sometimes heated or dyed to alter their color. The name is thought to originate from the Old French cornele, meaning “cherry.”
Onyx
Onyx is a layered chalcedony formed from quartz heated by lava. It comes in various colors, with black onyx being a popular choice for July birthstones. The name “onyx” comes from the Greek ónyx, meaning “nail” or “claw,” referencing the appearance of white or flesh-colored bands resembling fingernails.
Citrine
Citrine is a variety of quartz, specifically yellow or yellowish quartz. It can even be created by heating amethyst (purple quartz).
Topaz
Topaz is a hard mineral requiring fluorine from magma to form crystals. Yellow topaz is commonly used as the November birthstone. The name “topaz” comes from the Greek tópazos, referring to an island where yellow gems were found.
Opal
Opal is a mineral similar to quartz but containing water, making it relatively fragile. Precious opals often exhibit a kaleidoscopic effect, displaying a range of colors. The name “opal” comes from the Greek opállios, meaning “opal” or “gem,” and may be related to the Sanskrit upala, meaning “precious stone.”
Sapphire
Sapphire refers to any variety of the mineral corundum that isn’t red. Blue sapphires are the most commonly recognized and are used as the September birthstone. The name “sapphire” comes from the Greek sáppheiros, potentially referring to blue gems like sapphire or lapis lazuli.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a blue gemstone, ranging from bluish-green to greenish-blue, often marked with dark inclusions. It is found in Mediterranean regions and the United States and is popularly fashioned into beaded jewelry, serving as one of December’s birthstones.
Tsavorite
Tsavorite is a form of garnet, identified by its calcium and aluminum-based composition. This gemstone is a splendid, medium to deep emerald green with the potential for excellent clarity and faceting. It’s found in Tanzania and Madagascar and was lauded by the founder of Tiffany and Co.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its vibrant green hue and volcanic origins, stands as a captivating gemstone. While the provided sources offer a limited scope of information regarding its historical lore and metaphysical properties, they firmly establish its geological foundation and its place as a significant birthstone. Alongside other August birthstones like spinel, sardonyx, and tourmaline, peridot represents the diversity and beauty found within the world of gemstones. The sources also provide a glimpse into the origins and characteristics of a wider range of gemstones, highlighting the rich history and geological processes that contribute to their unique qualities.