March is unique among the birthstone months, boasting not one, but two officially recognized gemstones: aquamarine and bloodstone. Both stones, while vastly different in appearance, share a historical connection to the month and are steeped in lore and symbolism. The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months evolved over centuries, with roots in ancient biblical texts, astrological beliefs, and the practices of jewelers seeking to promote their wares. While early lists varied considerably, the standardization of birthstones began in the 19th century, culminating in the lists widely used today. The modern association of aquamarine and bloodstone with March reflects a blend of historical precedent and evolving cultural significance.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstone traditions can be traced back to the 1st century AD, when historians attempted to correlate the twelve stones mentioned in the Book of Revelation with the twelve months of the year and the twelve signs of the zodiac. However, accurate gem identification was not yet established, leading to debate over the precise stones referenced in these ancient texts. The practice of wearing gemstones corresponding to one’s birth month did not become widespread until the 1500s, with jewelers in Germany and Poland beginning to sell birthstone jewelry.
Initially, bloodstone was the sole birthstone associated with March. This association likely stemmed from the stone’s appearance, with its dark green base and red inclusions resembling drops of blood, and its perceived healing properties. The name “bloodstone” itself alludes to this visual characteristic and its historical use in staunching blood flow.
The standardization of birthstone lists gained momentum in the 19th century. In 1870, Tiffany & Co. published a pamphlet containing anonymous Gregorian birthstone poems, which helped to popularize a specific set of gemstones for each month. The poem associated with March explicitly named bloodstone, emphasizing its connection to constancy, true friendship, and fidelity. Further refinement came in 1912 when the National Association of Jewelers defined a standardized list of birthstones for the United States, with additional alternatives added in 1952. It was during this period that aquamarine gained prominence as a secondary March birthstone.
The month of March itself holds historical significance, being named after Mars, the Roman god of war. This connection reflects the time of year when Roman soldiers would resume campaigns after the winter months. The spring equinox, occurring around March 20th, also marked a time of renewal and new beginnings, aligning with the symbolism of rebirth often associated with gemstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine, a member of the beryl family, forms in pegmatites – igneous rocks rich in rare elements. These pegmatites are often found in mountainous regions, and the formation of aquamarine requires the presence of beryllium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen. The characteristic blue-green hues of aquamarine are attributed to trace amounts of iron within the crystal structure. Notable sources of aquamarine include Brazil, Afghanistan, Kenya, Pakistan, and Russia.
Bloodstone, a variety of chalcedony, is a cryptocrystalline form of quartz. It forms in volcanic rocks and sedimentary environments, often as a result of hydrothermal activity. The distinctive red spots in bloodstone are caused by iron oxide inclusions, primarily hematite or goethite. Major sources of bloodstone include India, Australia, Brazil, the United States, and Madagascar. A yellow variety of bloodstone, colored only with yellow inclusions, is known as Plasma.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine and bloodstone exhibit markedly different gemological properties. Aquamarine is typically transparent, with a hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for jewelry. Its chemical formula is Be3Al2Si6O18, and it crystallizes in the hexagonal system. Aquamarine’s color ranges from soft, sea-green to sky blue, with the most valuable stones exhibiting a deep, saturated blue hue.
In contrast, bloodstone is generally opaque, with a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. It is a combination of jasper and chalcedony, with a chemical formula of SiO2. Bloodstone’s color is typically a dark-green base with scattered red spots, though variations with blue-gray, red, and aqua hues also exist.
Here's a comparative table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Beryl | Chalcedony/Jasper |
| Chemical Formula | Be3Al2Si6O18 | SiO2 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7.5 - 8 | 6.5 - 7 |
| Transparency | Transparent | Opaque |
| Color | Blue-green to sky blue | Dark green with red spots |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal | Cryptocrystalline |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both aquamarine and bloodstone have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Aquamarine, with its association with the sea, has long been considered a stone of courage, clarity, and communication. It is believed to soothe the emotions, promote inner peace, and enhance intuition. The name itself, derived from the Latin “aqua marinus” meaning “water of the sea,” reinforces this connection to the ocean and its calming influence. Pale blue aquamarine was historically believed to lure back lost lovers, while greenish-blue varieties were thought to aid long-distance travelers. Astrologically, aquamarine aligns with the sensitive energy of Pisces.
Bloodstone, due to its appearance, has been historically linked to health, vitality, and strength. It was believed to staunch blood flow, boost the immune system, and ward off illness. The stone was also thought to promote mental clarity, enhance decision-making, and bring respect to the wearer. Bloodstone is associated with the fiery, ambitious energy of Aries. It is believed to conjure winds of change and dispel sorrow.
Jade, an alternative March birthstone, is also rich in symbolism. Rooted in ancient Tibetan astrology, jade is believed to provide access to the spiritual realm, enhance mental clarity, and promote love and nurturing. It has been used for millennia in sculptures and protective talismans. Jasper, another alternative, is considered a “supreme nurturer.”
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively high hardness, aquamarine is a durable gemstone that can withstand regular wear. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone.
Bloodstone, being somewhat softer and more porous, requires more gentle care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid prolonged exposure to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
Conclusion
Aquamarine and bloodstone, the dual birthstones of March, represent a fascinating intersection of history, geology, and symbolism. From their ancient origins to their modern-day appeal, these gemstones continue to captivate and inspire. The standardization of birthstone lists, particularly through the efforts of jewelers like Tiffany & Co. and organizations like the National Association of Jewelers, has solidified their place in popular culture. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, their perceived metaphysical properties, or simply as a connection to one’s birth month, aquamarine and bloodstone remain cherished gemstones with a rich and enduring legacy.