Peridot, the radiant green gemstone that graces August as one of its birthstones, is a mineral of extraordinary origin and enduring charm. A variety of the mineral olivine, peridot is formed in the Earth’s mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity, making it one of the few gemstones that can be found in meteorites. Known for its vibrant lime-green to olive-green hues, peridot has captivated cultures for centuries, often mistaken for emerald or topaz due to its striking color and brilliance.
This article delves into the rich history, gemological properties, and cultural symbolism of peridot, offering a comprehensive look at the August birthstone. Drawing on multiple authoritative sources, we explore its geological formation, its role in ancient traditions, its significance in modern jewelry, and its enduring place as a symbol of strength, prosperity, and peace.
History and Lore
Peridot's history as a gemstone stretches back thousands of years. The gem has long been admired for its luminous green color and its unique formation deep within the Earth. The earliest known source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad, now known as Topazios, which was mined as early as 340–279 BCE. This island, located in the Red Sea, was a vital source of peridot for ancient civilizations and was even feared for its harsh conditions, earning the ominous names “Island of Death” and “Snake Island.”
In medieval Europe, peridot appeared in the jewelry of priests and in the chalices and churches of the era. Some of the so-called “emeralds” in the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings at Cologne Cathedral were later identified as peridot. In fact, historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famous emerald collection may have included peridot, as the gem was often mistaken for emerald in ancient times.
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months began in the first century, but peridot did not officially become the August birthstone until the early 20th century. The designation was standardized in 1912, and peridot was chosen in part because of its connection to volcanic activity—its formation in hot, molten rock made it an appropriate symbol for August, one of the warmest months of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.
In ancient and medieval cultures, peridot was also used as a protective talisman. It was believed to shield the wearer from evil spirits and the “terrors of the night.” This belief in its protective qualities has persisted into modern times, with peridot being associated with calming energy, clarity, and inner strength.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed in the Earth's mantle under extreme conditions of heat and pressure. Unlike most gemstones, which form in the Earth’s crust, peridot is brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It is one of only two gemstones that form in the mantle, the other being diamond. Peridot is found in the hardened lava of volcanoes, as well as in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with an extraterrestrial origin.
The chemical composition of peridot is (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, and its color is primarily due to the presence of iron. The more iron a peridot contains, the deeper its green hue. Peridot ranges in color from yellowish-green to olive-green, with the finest specimens displaying a pure lime-green color.
Modern sources of peridot include China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. In the U.S., Arizona and Hawaii are notable for their peridot deposits. In Hawaii, peridot can be found in the sands of Papakolea Beach, where the green hue of the sand is a result of peridot crystals. Meteoritic peridot, though extremely rare and too small for jewelry use, is also a fascinating source of the gem and is found in pallasite meteorites.
The oldest recorded source of peridot, the Egyptian island of Zabargad, continues to produce some of the finest quality stones. These stones are highly sought after and can be found in prestigious museums around the world. The island's history of mining dates back to ancient times, and its peridot was prized for centuries due to its vibrant color and clarity.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a relatively hard gemstone, ranking between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. This makes it suitable for use in jewelry, though it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot has no cleavage, which means it is less likely to break under stress. However, it does have a moderate level of fragility, so it should be protected from hard knocks and sudden temperature changes.
The refractive index of peridot ranges from 1.654 to 1.690, giving it a bright, glassy luster. It is transparent to translucent and belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system. Peridot has a specific gravity between 3.27 and 3.37, which is relatively high for a gemstone of its hardness.
One of the most distinctive features of peridot is its color. It occurs in only one color—green—though the shade can vary depending on the iron content. The most desirable peridots display a pure lime-green hue, with no yellow or brown overtones. This unique color has earned peridot the nickname “evening emerald,” as it maintains its brilliance under both natural and artificial light.
Peridot is often cut into a variety of shapes, including round, oval, and cushion cuts, to enhance its color and brilliance. The gem is also commonly used in beads and cabochons, particularly for use in necklaces and earrings. Its affordability compared to other gemstones makes it a popular choice for everyday jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy and well-being. In many cultures, it is believed to bring good fortune, promote peace, and instill a sense of calm. As the August birthstone, peridot is said to symbolize strength, happiness, and prosperity. It is also associated with the sun and is often referred to as the “sun gem.”
In ancient times, peridot was worn as a protective talisman to ward off evil spirits and negative energies. It was particularly valued as a stone of protection during the night, helping to dispel fears and nightmares. This belief in peridot's protective qualities has persisted into modern times, with the gem being used in meditation and spiritual practices to promote clarity and emotional balance.
Peridot is also associated with the heart chakra, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional healing and inner peace. It is believed to encourage self-acceptance and to help release negative emotions such as anger and resentment. Some modern practitioners use peridot to support the immune system and to promote physical well-being.
In addition to its protective and healing properties, peridot is also associated with wealth and abundance. It is believed to attract prosperity and to help the wearer make wise financial decisions. As a result, peridot is often given as a gift to those born in August or to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing the enduring nature of a relationship.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness and lack of cleavage, peridot is relatively easy to care for compared to some other gemstones. However, it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and damage. Peridot is not as durable as diamonds or sapphires, so it should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent abrasion.
To clean peridot jewelry, a soft cloth and warm, soapy water are usually sufficient. A mild detergent can be used to remove dirt and grime, and the stone should be rinsed thoroughly with lukewarm water. It is important to avoid using harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the gem or loosen its setting.
Peridot should also be kept away from extreme heat and sudden temperature changes, as it can be sensitive to thermal shock. It is not recommended to expose peridot to direct sunlight for extended periods, as this can cause the color to fade over time.
When storing peridot jewelry, it is best to place it in a soft pouch or a lined jewelry box to prevent scratches and damage. If the jewelry is not being worn, it should be kept in a cool, dry place to maintain its luster and color.
Conclusion
Peridot, the August birthstone, is a gem of remarkable beauty, history, and symbolism. Formed deep within the Earth's mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic activity, peridot is one of the few gemstones with an extraterrestrial origin. Its vibrant green color and unique properties have made it a favorite among jewelers and collectors for centuries.
From its ancient roots on the Egyptian island of Zabargad to its modern-day use in fine jewelry, peridot has maintained its allure and significance. Whether worn as a symbol of protection, prosperity, or inner strength, peridot continues to captivate and inspire. As the August birthstone, it is a fitting representation of the warmth and vitality of the month, and its enduring legacy ensures that it will remain a cherished gem for generations to come.