August is uniquely distinguished in the world of birthstones by having not one, but three official gemstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Each of these stones carries a distinct geological origin, historical legacy, and symbolic meaning, making them not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful for those born in this month. This article delves into the fascinating properties, rich histories, and cultural significance of these three August birthstones, offering a comprehensive look at their roles in both ancient traditions and modern gemology.
Introduction
The tradition of birthstones is a practice that dates back to biblical times, with roots in the twelve stones of the high priest’s breastplate. Over time, this tradition evolved, and by the 20th century, a more modern and inclusive list of birthstones was developed. Today, August is represented by three gemstones, each with its own story and appeal. Peridot, the most widely recognized of the three, is a vibrant green gem with a long history in jewelry and adornment. Sardonyx, an agate-like stone with banded layers, is the oldest of the August birthstones, with a history stretching back thousands of years. Spinel, the newest addition to the August birthstone list, is a brilliant gemstone that was once mistaken for ruby and has recently regained its place in the spotlight.
In this article, we explore the geological and historical background of each stone, examine their gemological properties, and uncover the metaphysical and cultural beliefs that have shaped their significance over time. Whether you are a gemstone enthusiast, a jewelry buyer, or a student of gemology, this guide offers valuable insights into the unique qualities that make these three stones so special.
History and Lore
The Evolution of August’s Birthstones
The concept of birthstones is a centuries-old tradition that has evolved significantly over time. According to the sources, the tradition of associating gemstones with birth months is believed to have originated in medieval Europe, possibly in Poland or Germany. The idea of birthstones is also linked to the biblical account of the twelve stones in the high priest’s breastplate, which symbolized the twelve tribes of Israel.
In the modern era, the list of birthstones has been updated multiple times. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) established the modern list in 1912, and it has been revised periodically to reflect changes in gemstone availability, popularity, and cultural relevance. As a result, some months, like August, now have multiple birthstones.
August is particularly notable for having three official birthstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Peridot has been associated with August for centuries and is considered the traditional birthstone for the month. Sardonyx, an ancient gemstone, was one of the earliest August birthstones and has been used in jewelry and amulets for over 4,000 years. Spinel, the newest addition, was officially designated as an August birthstone in 2016 by the AGTA and JA. This addition reflects a growing appreciation for spinel as a gemstone of its own right and a recognition of its historical significance.
Cultural Significance and Symbolism
Each of August’s birthstones has its own set of symbolic meanings and cultural associations. Peridot was known as the “gem of the sun” by the ancient Egyptians, who believed it brought protection, health, and positive energy. The stone was also thought to ward off nightmares, making it a popular talisman for safe sleep. In medieval Europe, peridot was used in religious artifacts and was associated with purity and enlightenment.
Sardonyx, with its distinctive banded patterns, was revered by the ancient Greeks and Romans for its protective qualities. It was often carved into amulets and cameos and was believed to provide strength, courage, and good fortune. The stone was also associated with the Roman god Mars and was used in military jewelry to symbolize valor and protection in battle.
Spinel, once known as “balas ruby,” was highly valued by royalty and gem collectors in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its vivid red varieties were often mistaken for rubies, and it was used in royal crowns and jewelry. Spinel was believed to bring vitality, passion, and emotional balance, making it a popular choice for those seeking a gemstone that combined beauty with symbolic meaning.
These historical and cultural associations continue to influence the way these stones are perceived and valued today, and they remain important symbols for those born in August.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot: A Gemstone of Earth and Sky
Peridot is the gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate mineral that forms under high-pressure conditions in the Earth’s mantle. It is typically brought to the surface by volcanic activity, where it can be found in basaltic lava flows. This unique formation process gives peridot its striking green color, which is caused by the presence of iron in its crystal structure.
Peridot is also found in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones with an extraterrestrial origin. These meteoritic peridots, known as Pele’s Tears after the Hawaiian volcano goddess Pele, are small, glass-like droplets formed when molten lava is ejected into the air during volcanic eruptions and cools rapidly.
The primary sources of gem-quality peridot include:
- Zabargad Island (St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea: Known as the source of peridot since ancient Egyptian times.
- Arizona, USA: A major modern source of peridot, with deposits found in basaltic rock.
- Nigeria and Brazil: Additional sources where peridot is mined.
Peridot is relatively abundant compared to other gemstones, which makes it more affordable and accessible. Its durability, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, makes it suitable for everyday jewelry, though care should be taken to avoid exposure to harsh chemicals or extreme temperature changes.
Sardonyx: A Banded Agate with Ancient Roots
Sardonyx is a type of onyx agate characterized by alternating bands of reddish-brown (sard) and white (onyx). It is a member of the quartz family and is formed through the slow deposition of silica-rich solutions in cavities and cracks in rocks. The distinct banding in sardonyx is the result of variations in the mineral composition and impurities present during its formation.
Sardonyx has been mined for thousands of years in several parts of the world, including:
- India: One of the oldest and most historically significant sources of sardonyx.
- Brazil: A modern source with high-quality deposits.
- Austria and Germany: Traditional sources in Europe.
Sardonyx has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it durable enough for use in jewelry. Its smooth, granular texture allows it to be easily shaped and polished, and it is often used in cabochons, beads, and carved cameos. The stone’s natural beauty and versatility have made it a popular choice for both historical and contemporary jewelry.
Spinel: A Gemstone Rediscovered
Spinel is a oxide mineral with a chemical composition of MgAl₂O₄. It forms in metamorphic and igneous rocks under high-pressure conditions and is often found in association with other gemstones like corundum (ruby and sapphire) and garnet. Spinel is known for its brilliant luster, wide range of colors, and exceptional hardness, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it one of the hardest gemstones after corundum and diamond.
Historically, spinel was found in regions such as:
- Ceylon (Sri Lanka): A traditional source of red and pink spinel.
- Afghanistan: Known for producing fine red and black spinel.
- Vietnam and Tanzania: Modern sources of spinel, including the rare Umba spinel from Tanzania, which exhibits a unique pink or purple hue.
Spinel was once mistaken for ruby, and some famous historical gems, such as the "Black Prince’s Ruby" in the British Crown Jewels, are actually spinel. The stone’s rediscovery in the 20th century and its recognition as a distinct gemstone have led to a resurgence in its popularity among gem enthusiasts and jewelers.
Spinel’s durability and vibrant colors make it an excellent choice for modern jewelry. Its wide range of colors, from deep reds and purples to pastel pinks and blues, allows for a diverse array of design possibilities.
Gemological Properties
Peridot
- Mineral: Olivine
- Color: Yellowish green to greenish yellow (depending on iron content)
- Chemical Formula: (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄
- Refractive Index: 1.65 to 1.69
- Birefringence: 0.035 to 0.038
- Specific Gravity: 3.34
- Mohs Hardness: 6.5 to 7
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
Peridot is a single refractive gemstone, meaning it does not have double refraction. Its vitreous luster and rich green color make it highly desirable in jewelry. Peridot is often cut in brilliant or mixed cuts to enhance its sparkle and color. It is also occasionally cut as cabochons, though faceted cuts are more common due to its clarity and brilliance.
Sardonyx
- Mineral: Chalcedony (a microcrystalline variety of quartz)
- Color: Alternating bands of reddish-brown (sard) and white (onyx)
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Refractive Index: 1.486 to 1.530
- Specific Gravity: 2.60 to 2.64
- Mohs Hardness: 6.5 to 7
- Luster: Waxy to dull
- Transparency: Opaque to translucent
- Crystal System: Trigonal
Sardonyx is an opaque to translucent gemstone that is best suited for cabochons, beads, and carvings. Its waxy luster and distinct banding make it a popular choice for cameos and intaglios. It is often used in bangle bracelets, pendants, and rings, particularly in designs that highlight its natural patterns.
Spinel
- Mineral: Spinel
- Color: Red, pink, purple, blue, green, orange, and black
- Chemical Formula: MgAl₂O₄
- Refractive Index: 1.718
- Specific Gravity: 3.6 to 4.0
- Mohs Hardness: 8
- Luster: Vitreous
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Crystal System: Cubic
Spinel is a single refractive gemstone with a high refractive index and exceptional clarity. Its brilliant luster and wide range of colors make it a versatile gemstone suitable for a variety of jewelry styles. Spinel is often cut in brilliant or cushion cuts to enhance its sparkle and fire. It is also suitable for cabochons, particularly in black or opaque varieties.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot: The Stone of the Sun and the Heart
Peridot has long been associated with positive energy, healing, and protection. Ancient Egyptians believed that peridot was a gift from the sun god Ra and that it could ward off nightmares and bring good health. The stone was often worn as a talisman for peace, joy, and emotional balance.
In medieval Europe, peridot was used in religious artifacts and clerical garments and was believed to promote purity, clarity, and spiritual enlightenment. Some sources suggest that peridot was also used to purify the soul and enhance one’s connection to the divine.
In modern times, peridot is often associated with healing, transformation, and new beginnings. It is believed to help release negative emotions, reduce stress, and promote a sense of well-being. Peridot is also thought to enhance self-confidence and personal power, making it a popular choice for those seeking to overcome challenges and embrace change.
Sardonyx: The Stone of Strength and Protection
Sardonyx has been revered for its protective and grounding properties for thousands of years. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was believed to provide strength, courage, and protection in battle. Warriors and soldiers often wore sardonyx as a charm to ward off danger and ensure victory.
In medieval Europe, sardonyx was used in amulets and talismans to ward off evil, bring good fortune, and promote self-discipline. It was also associated with the Roman god Mars, the god of war, and was believed to enhance one’s willpower and determination.
In modern gemstone lore, sardonyx is believed to promote emotional stability, enhance self-control, and provide protection against negative influences. It is often used in meditation and spiritual practices to ground the mind and enhance focus. Sardonyx is also thought to be beneficial for those seeking to overcome fears and build confidence in their personal and professional lives.
Spinel: The Stone of Passion and Vitality
Spinel is known for its passionate and energizing properties, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance, vitality, and emotional healing. In ancient times, spinel was believed to enhance courage, inspire love, and promote a sense of emotional well-being.
In modern metaphysical practices, spinel is associated with the heart and root chakras and is believed to promote emotional healing, balance, and spiritual growth. Red and pink spinel are often used to stimulate love, passion, and emotional connection, while black spinel is used to ground energy and protect against negative influences.
Spinel is also believed to enhance one’s sense of vitality and energy, making it a popular choice for those seeking to renew their physical and emotional strength. It is often used in jewelry, meditation, and crystal healing practices to promote a sense of balance, harmony, and well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot
Peridot is relatively durable, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, but it is still susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent damage. Peridot is also sensitive to heat and sudden temperature changes, so it should be avoided from being exposed to high temperatures such as steam cleaners or ultrasonic cleaners.
When cleaning peridot, it is best to use mild soap and warm water. A soft brush can be used to gently remove dirt, and a soft cloth can be used to dry the stone. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as they can damage the surface of the stone.
Sardonyx
Sardonyx is a relatively durable gemstone, but it is susceptible to scratches and abrasions, especially if it is worn in contact with harder gemstones. It is also porous, so it should be avoided from being exposed to harsh chemicals or abrasive materials.
When cleaning sardonyx, it is best to use mild soap and warm water. A soft brush can be used to gently remove dirt, and a soft cloth can be used to dry the stone. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as they can damage the surface of the stone.
Spinel
Spinel is a very durable gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it resistant to scratches and abrasions. It can be cleaned using mild soap and warm water or ultrasonic and steam cleaners, which are safe for most spinel varieties.
When cleaning spinel, it is best to remove any loose dirt or dust before using a cleaner. A soft brush can be used to gently remove dirt, and a soft cloth can be used to dry the stone. Spinel is also resistant to heat, so it can be exposed to warm water without damage.
Conclusion
The three birthstones for August—peridot, sardonyx, and spinel—each offer a unique combination of beauty, history, and symbolism. Peridot, with its vibrant green color and ancient associations with the sun and protection, is a gemstone of positivity and vitality. Sardonyx, with its distinctive banded patterns and long history of use in jewelry and amulets, is a symbol of strength, courage, and protection. Spinel, the newest addition to the August birthstone list, is a brilliant gemstone with a rich history and a wide range of colors that make it a valuable addition to any jewelry collection.
Whether you are drawn to the sparkling green of peridot, the striking banded patterns of sardonyx, or the brilliant colors of spinel, these gemstones offer a beautiful and meaningful way to celebrate the month of August. Their geological origins, cultural significance, and gemological properties make them not only beautiful but also deeply symbolic, making them perfect choices for those born in this month.
As gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry buyers, it is important to understand the unique qualities of each birthstone and to choose the one that best reflects your personal style and preferences. Whether you opt for a classic peridot ring, a vintage sardonyx cameo, or a modern spinel pendant, you can be sure that you are choosing a gemstone with a rich history and a lasting legacy.