Those born in October are uniquely blessed with not one, but two captivating birthstones: opal and pink tourmaline. Both gemstones offer a dazzling array of colors and possess a rich history, making October a particularly vibrant month for gemstone enthusiasts. While opal traditionally held the position as the sole October birthstone, the addition of pink tourmaline in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers provided an alternative, expanding the choices for those seeking a gemstone to commemorate their October birth. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of both opal and pink tourmaline, exploring what makes each stone a cherished symbol of this autumnal month.
A History of Shifting Significance
The story of October’s birthstones is one of evolving tradition. Opal, the earlier recognized birthstone, boasts a history stretching back to ancient times. Its name is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word “upala,” meaning “precious stone,” which was adopted into the Roman “opalus.” Ancient civilizations attributed various powers to opal. Bedouins believed the stone contained lightning and fell to earth during thunderstorms, while ancient Greeks associated it with prophecy and protection from disease. Europeans long considered opal a symbol of purity, hope, and truth, believing it embodied the virtues of all colored stones.
However, the perception of opal has not always been positive. Superstitions arose, particularly in Europe, linking the stone to bad luck, especially for those not born in October. These beliefs, though largely unfounded, contributed to periods of diminished popularity.
Pink tourmaline’s rise to prominence as an October birthstone is a more recent development. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers formally recognized it as an alternative to opal, likely due to the increasing availability and appeal of this vibrant gemstone. The association’s decision allowed for greater choice, particularly for those seeking a more readily available and less superstition-laden stone. Notably, the late 19th century saw a particular fascination with pink tourmaline, exemplified by the Chinese Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi, who amassed a significant collection, even being buried with the stone.
Geological Formation and Global Sources
Both opal and pink tourmaline originate through distinct geological processes and are found in various locations worldwide. Opal is unique in that it is not a crystalline mineral like tourmaline, but rather a hydrated amorphous form of silica. It forms in cracks and voids within rocks, where silica-rich water deposits silica gel. Over time, this gel hardens and dehydrates, resulting in the formation of opal. The “play-of-color” characteristic of precious opal is caused by the diffraction of light through microscopic silica spheres within the stone.
Australia is overwhelmingly the dominant source of precious opal, producing approximately 95% of the world’s supply. Opal is also found in Brazil, Mexico, Honduras, and the western United States, though these sources contribute a smaller percentage to the global market.
Pink tourmaline, on the other hand, is a crystalline borosilicate mineral. It forms in granite pegmatites, which are coarse-grained igneous rocks. The color pink in tourmaline is attributed to the presence of manganese. Major mining locations for tourmaline include Brazil, Tanzania, Nigeria, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi, and Namibia. Historically, California was also a significant source, particularly during the period when Empress Tzu-Hsi was actively collecting the stone.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
While both stones are beautiful, opal and pink tourmaline differ significantly in their gemological properties.
| Property | Opal | Pink Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂·nH₂O | Complex borosilicate (Elbaite) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 - 6.5 | 7 - 7.5 |
| Specific Gravity | 1.98 - 2.15 | 3.06 - 3.10 |
| Crystal System | Amorphous | Trigonal |
| Luster | Vitreous to resinous | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Translucent to opaque | Transparent to translucent |
| Notable Feature | Play-of-color | Diverse pink hues, potential pleochroism |
Opal’s defining characteristic is its “play-of-color,” a mesmerizing display of iridescent hues that shift and change with the angle of light. This phenomenon is what makes precious opal so highly valued. However, opal is relatively soft and porous, making it susceptible to damage from scratches and impacts.
Pink tourmaline, being significantly harder, is more durable and suitable for everyday wear. It exhibits a range of pink shades, from delicate blush tones to deep rosy hues. Some tourmaline crystals even display multiple colors, known as watermelon tourmaline, adding to their unique appeal.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and pink tourmaline have been imbued with symbolic meanings. Opal has been associated with hope, purity, truth, and creativity. Ancient Greeks believed it bestowed the gift of prophecy, while others saw it as a symbol of faithfulness and confidence. Despite the historical superstitions, opal is often viewed as a stone that amplifies emotions and encourages individuality.
Pink tourmaline is often linked to love, compassion, and emotional healing. It is considered a heart-centered stone, promoting feelings of self-love, friendship, and balance. Some crystal healers believe it can release emotional blockages and balance other chakras. The association with love is particularly strong, with rose quartz, a related variety of quartz, also being considered a powerful stone for attracting and nurturing relationships.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing properties, opal and pink tourmaline require different care routines. Opal’s porous nature makes it susceptible to damage from harsh chemicals and prolonged exposure to water. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Pink tourmaline, being more durable, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe, but caution should be exercised. It is advisable to remove jewelry containing either stone before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent scratches or damage.
Conclusion
October’s birthstones, opal and pink tourmaline, represent a beautiful duality. Opal, with its captivating play-of-color and ancient lore, embodies a sense of mystery and enchantment. Pink tourmaline, with its vibrant hues and association with love and compassion, offers a more grounded and accessible energy. Together, they reflect the transitional nature of October, a month of reaping rewards and preparing for the coming winter. Whether one chooses the traditional opal or the modern pink tourmaline, both gemstones offer a unique and meaningful connection to the tenth month of the year.