November is unique among the months, possessing not one, but two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While the tradition of assigning specific gemstones to each month evolved over centuries, the pairing of these gems for November reflects both historical precedent and practical considerations. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism associated with both topaz and citrine, examining their significance as November birthstones.
History and Lore
The practice of associating gemstones with specific months began in the 1500s, but the formalized lists we recognize today emerged in 1870 with a pamphlet released by Tiffany & Co., featuring “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” This publication initially highlighted topaz as the November birthstone. Subsequent standardization efforts in 1912 by the National Association of Jewellers and in 1937 by the National Association of Goldsmiths continued to list topaz as the primary gem for November.
However, in 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America amended the 1912 list, adding citrine to the November selection. This addition is believed to have been influenced by citrine’s greater affordability and availability compared to topaz. Today, the United Kingdom recognizes only topaz as the November birthstone, while the United States acknowledges both topaz and citrine. This dual designation reflects a fascinating evolution in birthstone traditions.
Topaz boasts a long and storied history. The name itself is thought to derive from the Greek word topazion, or the Sanskrit word tapas meaning “fire.” Another potential origin lies in the name of the Egyptian island of Topazos (now St. John’s Island) in the Red Sea, as referenced by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder, who associated the name with a yellowish-green stone found there. Ancient Greeks decorated themselves with citrine as early as 300 to 150 BC, connecting the gem to Demeter, the harvest goddess. Romans carved citrine into intaglios, and priests wore rings adorned with the stone.
Topaz, too, held significance in ancient times. It was believed to have protective qualities, with kings wearing sapphires around their necks for protection and the Cingalese believing it offered security against witchcraft. In the 13th century, the German mystic St. Hildegard of Bingen suggested that rubbing topaz steeped in wine over the eyes could remedy failing eyesight.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is naturally an earthy gem, typically displaying yellow to golden-brown tones, though treatments are common, resulting in a wider range of colors. Its primary source is Brazil, but significant deposits are also found in Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, owes its color to traces of iron. While naturally occurring citrine is relatively rare, much of the citrine available commercially is heat-treated amethyst, a process that alters the stone’s color. Citrine has been found in ancient Greece, and is still sourced from Brazil.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties. Topaz, with a chemical formula of Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂, exhibits a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. It commonly occurs in prismatic crystals and displays a vitreous luster. While pure topaz is colorless, impurities can create a range of colors, including yellow, brown, blue, pink, and red.
Citrine, a form of quartz (SiO₂), has a Mohs hardness of 7, slightly less durable than topaz. It also exhibits a vitreous luster and typically forms in hexagonal crystals. The color of citrine ranges from pale yellow to deep brownish-orange. Some citrine displays banded formations, known as chevrons, which add to its unique character.
Here's a comparative table of key gemological properties:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Mohs Hardness | 8 | 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Hexagonal |
| Common Colors | Yellow, Brown, Blue | Yellow, Orange-Brown |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Topaz is believed to support creative energies and promote concentration. It has been traditionally worn to ward off premature death and treat insomnia.
Citrine, often associated with prosperity and abundance, is thought to attract wealth and success. It is also believed to enhance self-confidence and promote optimism. The connection to the harvest goddess Demeter in ancient Greece further reinforces its association with abundance and the fruits of labor.
Other gemstones associated with the November zodiac signs, Scorpio (October 24 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21), include turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, beryl, and aquamarine, offering a diverse range of options for those seeking a gemstone aligned with their astrological sign.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8, topaz is relatively resistant to scratching, but it can be cleaved, meaning it can split along certain planes. Citrine, with a hardness of 7, is more susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. Both gemstones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these can damage the stones.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine, the November birthstones, represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry, these gems have captivated and inspired for centuries. Whether valued for their beauty, durability, or perceived metaphysical properties, topaz and citrine continue to hold a special place in the world of gemstones, offering a vibrant and meaningful connection to those born in the eleventh month of the year.