The concept of birthstones – gemstones associated with specific months – has a rich and complex history, evolving from ancient traditions to modern standardization. While the modern birthstone chart is a relatively recent creation, formalized in 1912 by the National Association of Jewelers, the practice of linking gemstones to specific times of the year dates back centuries. This article will explore the historical development of birthstone traditions, the various charts that have emerged, and the cultural significance of these stones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
The Origins of Birthstone Lore
The earliest roots of birthstone associations can be traced to the Biblical Breastplate of Aaron, which featured twelve gemstones representing the tribes of Israel. Over time, these stones became linked to the months of the year and the zodiac signs. This connection wasn’t static; different cultures and eras assigned different stones to each month, resulting in “ancient,” “traditional,” and “modern” lists. The evolution reflects changing trade routes, gem discoveries, and cultural beliefs.
Modern and Traditional Charts
The American National Retail Jewelers Association (now Jewelers of America) standardized a modern birthstone chart in 1912, expanding options for each month. This chart is widely used today for jewelry selection. However, the “Official Birthstone Chart” remains a trusted source for accurate gemstone listings within the jewelry industry, ensuring authenticity and adherence to industry standards. Alongside the modern chart, the “Traditional Birthstones Chart” preserves historical and cultural roots, reflecting beliefs in the special powers and protective qualities of certain gemstones.
The modern list currently recognizes garnet for January, amethyst for February, aquamarine for March, diamond for April, emerald for May, alexandrite for June, ruby for July, peridot and spinel for August, sapphire for September, tourmaline for October, golden topaz and citrine for November, and blue zircon and tanzanite for December. Updates to this list occurred in 1952 with the addition of alexandrite for June and pink tourmaline for October, and again in 2016 with spinel being added as a birthstone for August.
Native American Perspectives on Gemstones
While the Western tradition of birthstones is well-documented, Native American cultures also held deep reverence for gemstones, though their systems differed significantly. Native American astrology, unlike its Western counterpart, does not prioritize one sign or archetype over another, viewing all as integral to understanding the larger picture. These systems, often interpreted by Medicine People or Shamans, were closely tied to observations of the natural world, guiding decisions related to planting, harvesting, and travel.
According to one source, Native Americans utilized stones for their spiritual, mystical, and healing properties for centuries. Turquoise, in particular, held significant importance, experiencing a revival in popularity in the 1970s with Zuni turquoise jewelry becoming highly sought after. Today, turquoise is often set in gold and remains a timeless gem for birthstone jewelry.
However, it’s important to note that Native American zodiac charts are presented as a framework for understanding life’s script, but acknowledge the importance of free will and individual interpretation. These charts are akin to outlines in a coloring book, allowing individuals to bring their own unique perspectives and experiences to their life journey. The origins of these systems are rooted in ancient observations of the sky and land, connecting myths and fables to deeper cultural truths.
Alternative Birthstones
Throughout history, and even today, alternative birthstones have been associated with each month. These alternatives often reflect regional availability, cultural preferences, or evolving gemological discoveries. For example, rose quartz and pink tourmaline are listed as alternatives for October, while citrine and rhodochrosite are alternatives for November. Several months offer a wider range of options, including garnet, rose quartz, jasper, and onyx for January; amethyst, hackmanite, kunzite, and purple Kashmir sapphires for February; and aquamarine, apatite, blue topaz, and grandidierite for March.
Gemstone Symbolism and Folklore
Beyond their aesthetic appeal, birthstones have long been imbued with symbolic meaning and folklore. November’s topaz, for instance, was historically associated with wealth, beauty, strength, and protection, with yellow topaz specifically linked to friendship. Turquoise, the December birthstone, has been considered a talisman for luck and protection, deeply rooted in both ancient burial rituals and Native American cultures. Opal, an October birthstone, was believed by the Aztecs to bring about necessary destruction for new creation.
The Enduring Appeal of Birthstones
The enduring popularity of birthstones stems from a combination of historical tradition, cultural significance, and personal meaning. Whether chosen based on the month of birth, astrological sign, or simply aesthetic preference, birthstones offer a tangible connection to the past and a personalized expression of identity. The ability to wear a gemstone believed to possess specific qualities or offer protection adds another layer of significance, making birthstone jewelry a cherished and meaningful gift.
Conclusion
The history of birthstones is a fascinating journey through time, reflecting evolving cultural beliefs, gemological discoveries, and the enduring human desire to find meaning in the natural world. From the ancient associations with the tribes of Israel to the standardized modern charts, birthstones continue to hold a special place in jewelry and personal adornment. While Native American traditions offer a distinct perspective on the power of stones, the core concept of linking gemstones to specific times of the year remains a testament to the enduring allure of these beautiful and symbolic treasures.