The practice of associating gemstones with specific months evolved over centuries, beginning in the 8th and 9th centuries with the wearing of a single stone per month. This eventually solidified into the tradition of assigning one gemstone to each birth month, forming the basis of the traditional birthstone system. In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers formalized a modern list to standardize options, and this list has been updated to reflect availability and consumer preferences. August stands out as one of three months—alongside February and December—to boast three recognized birthstones: peridot, sardonyx, and spinel. Each stone carries its own unique history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, offering a diverse range of choices for those born in the eighth month.
A Historical Perspective on August Birthstones
Originally, sardonyx was the sole birthstone for August. This chalcedony gemstone, composed of bands of red-brown sard and white onyx, held significance in ancient times, believed to impart courage, strength, and protection. It was utilized for practical purposes like wax seals and worn as a talisman against negative energy. The addition of peridot and spinel to the August birthstone list reflects a shift towards transparent gems favored in contemporary jewelry design. This expansion also acknowledges the diverse geological sources and aesthetic appeal of these stones. Spinel, historically mistaken for ruby and sapphire, gained recognition as a distinct mineral in the late 19th century, while peridot’s vibrant green hue has been prized for millennia.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot, a variety of olivine, forms deep within the Earth’s mantle and is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. Notable sources include Egypt, Myanmar, and the United States. Ancient Egyptians particularly valued peridot, with some historians suggesting Cleopatra’s favored “emeralds” were, in fact, peridot. Sardonyx, a form of chalcedony, is found in various countries, including India, Brazil, and the United States. Its banded structure results from the layering of sard and onyx during the formation of silica-rich solutions in volcanic or sedimentary environments. Spinel occurs in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits, with significant sources in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Myanmar. The gemstone’s formation often occurs alongside ruby and sapphire, contributing to the historical confusion between the three stones.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of the August birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique characteristics and value.
| Property | Peridot | Sardonyx | Spinel |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | SiO₂ | MgAl₂O₄ |
| Color | Green | Red-brown banded | Varied (Red, Pink, Blue, Yellow) |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5-7 | 6.5-7 | 7.5-8 |
| Transparency | Transparent | Translucent | Transparent |
| Luster | Vitreous | Waxy | Vitreous |
Peridot’s vibrant green color is due to the presence of iron within its olivine structure. Its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though still susceptible to scratching. Sardonyx, with its banded appearance, exhibits a waxy luster and a similar hardness to peridot. Spinel, boasting a hardness of 7.5-8, is the most durable of the three, making it suitable for everyday wear. The most prized spinels display a vivid red or pink hue, often rivaling the color of ruby.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Peridot has long been associated with prosperity, strength, and protection. In Ancient Greece, it symbolized abundance, while in Hawaii, it represented the tears of the volcano goddess. It is believed to promote positivity, happiness, and confidence. Sardonyx, originating from the Persian city of Sardis, symbolizes courage, self-control, and motivation. It was historically used to ward off negative energy and believed to bring strength to the wearer. Spinel, valued by emperors and kings, is thought to enhance vitality, promote positive energy, and bring a sense of peace and calm. It was also historically used in compass magnetizing, demonstrating its unique magnetic properties.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these August birthstones. Peridot, with its moderate hardness, should be protected from harsh impacts and abrasive materials. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, requires similar gentle cleaning methods. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as they can damage the banded structure. Spinel, being the most durable of the three, can withstand more rigorous cleaning. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Regular cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush will help maintain its brilliance.
The Allure of Spinel: A Historical Misunderstanding
Spinel’s history is particularly intriguing due to its long-standing misidentification as ruby and sapphire. For centuries, vibrant red spinels were mistaken for rubies, adorning the crowns and jewels of royalty. It wasn’t until the late 19th century that spinel was officially recognized as a distinct mineral species. Even today, some historical “rubies” in famous collections are, upon closer examination, actually spinels. This historical confusion adds to spinel’s mystique and makes it a fascinating gemstone for collectors and enthusiasts. The Crown Jewels of England, for example, contain several notable spinels.
Modern and Traditional Perspectives
The evolution of birthstone lists reflects changing tastes and gemstone availability. Traditional birthstones, like sardonyx, were often selected based on symbolic or cultural significance, and were frequently sourced from ancient trade routes. Modern birthstones, such as peridot and spinel, prioritize transparent gems that align with contemporary aesthetics and jewelry-making techniques. The availability of multiple birthstones for some months, including August, allows for greater personalization and choice. Ultimately, the choice between a traditional or modern birthstone is a matter of personal preference.
Conclusion
August’s birthstones – peridot, sardonyx, and spinel – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the vibrant green of peridot and the often-misunderstood beauty of spinel, each gemstone offers a unique connection to the month of August. Their diverse properties and meanings provide a range of options for those seeking a meaningful and beautiful gemstone, whether for personal adornment or as a symbolic representation of their birth month. The enduring appeal of these stones lies in their ability to connect us to the past, inspire us in the present, and offer a glimpse into the wonders of the natural world.