Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, renowned for its captivating shades of blue and green, and often characterized by distinctive matrix veining. As one of the December birthstones, alongside tanzanite and zircon, turquoise boasts a rich history spanning millennia, cherished by cultures across the globe for its beauty, perceived protective qualities, and symbolic significance. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, cultural beliefs, and care of this fascinating gemstone, drawing solely from available sources.
History and Lore
The history of turquoise is remarkably extensive, with evidence of its use dating back over 3,000 years. Ancient civilizations, including those of Egypt and China, held turquoise in high esteem. The gem adorned the funerary mask of King Tut, demonstrating its importance to the pharaohs and rulers of ancient Egypt. Chinese artisans skillfully carved turquoise into intricate objects during the same period.
Throughout the 13th century and beyond, European beliefs attributed protective powers to turquoise, specifically safeguarding wearers from falls – particularly from horses. A compelling superstition held that the gem would fracture upon approaching impending disaster. In Hindu traditions, viewing turquoise after observing the new moon was believed to ensure substantial wealth.
Native American cultures also deeply valued turquoise, integrating it into their spiritual practices and daily lives. The Apache believed that following a rainbow would lead to the discovery of turquoise, and attaching the gem to weaponry was thought to enhance accuracy. The Pueblo people associated the stone’s color with the sky, while the Hopi attributed its creation to lizards moving across the earth. The gem holds a special place in Tibetan culture, considered a national treasure believed to bestow health, good fortune, and protection from evil. It is also the traditional gem associated with the 11th wedding anniversary.
In European traditions, gifting a turquoise ring carried the sentiment of “forget me not,” symbolizing enduring affection. More recently, turquoise has been featured in the jewelry of modern royalty, such as the amethyst and turquoise necklace worn by Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, created by Cartier.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is formed through a secondary enrichment process, meaning it doesn’t originate from magma but forms from the alteration of existing minerals. It is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, containing varying amounts of iron. The presence of these elements contributes to the diverse range of colors observed in turquoise. The matrix, or veining, often present in turquoise, consists of remnants of the host rock in which it formed.
Historically, and continuing to be a significant source, the Nishapur district of Iran has been mined for turquoise for over 1,000 years. Turquoise from this region is highly prized for its even, intense blue color, often referred to as “robin’s egg blue,” “sky blue,” or “Persian blue.” These terms are now used by trade professionals to describe turquoise of this color, regardless of its origin.
While New Mexico was once a leading producer of turquoise in the United States, Arizona and Nevada currently dominate U.S. production. Notable mines in these states include Dry Creek, Easter Blue, Emerald Valley, and Fox. The Kingman mine in Arizona has been a historically important source of intense blue turquoise. The Sleeping Beauty mine, also in Arizona, was a prolific producer for over four decades but is now closed, leading to increased value and desirability of its turquoise. Turquoise is also mined in China.
Gemological Properties
Turquoise is characterized as a semi-translucent to opaque gem, displaying a range of colors from blue to green. The intensity of the color can vary significantly, influenced by the presence of trace elements. The presence of matrix veining is a common characteristic, adding to the gem’s unique appearance.
While a detailed chemical formula and refractive index are not provided in the sources, it is noted that turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum. The sources do not provide information on hardness beyond its general classification as a relatively soft gemstone.
The most celebrated turquoise, often referred to as “Sleeping Beauty” turquoise, is known for its flawless blue hue and minimal veining, making it highly sought after by collectors. The color variations within turquoise contribute to its versatility in jewelry design.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, turquoise has been imbued with a wealth of symbolic meaning. It is widely associated with protection, healing, and positive energy. Many consider it a talisman of good fortune and creativity. Wearing turquoise jewelry is believed to enhance spiritual well-being and inspire balance.
Native Americans traditionally wore turquoise as a sign of good luck. Across cultures, turquoise is believed to impart peace to those who wear it. The gem’s association with the sky, as held by the Pueblo people, further reinforces its connection to tranquility and spiritual elevation.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific care instructions for turquoise. However, given its composition as a relatively soft gemstone, gentle handling and appropriate storage are recommended to prevent scratches or damage.
Conclusion
Turquoise stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, captivating humanity for millennia with its vibrant colors, rich history, and symbolic significance. From adorning the pharaohs of ancient Egypt to holding a sacred place in Native American traditions, turquoise has consistently been valued for its beauty and perceived protective powers. As a December birthstone, turquoise offers a connection to a legacy of good fortune, health, and enduring affection. Its diverse sources and captivating hues ensure its continued appeal for generations to come.