December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, distinguished by a spectrum of four primary gems: Tanzanite, Turquoise, Blue Topaz, and Blue Zircon. Unlike many months associated with a single gemstone, December offers a choice of beautiful blue hues, each with its own history, properties, and significance. This article will delve into the origins, characteristics, and lore surrounding these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the rich symbolism associated with these gems.
A Multifaceted Tradition
The tradition of assigning gemstones to specific months dates back to ancient times, often linked to astrological signs and believed metaphysical properties. While the historical roots are complex and varied, the modern list of birthstones gained prominence in the 20th century, largely through the efforts of jewelry trade associations. December’s selection reflects both ancient traditions and more recent discoveries. Turquoise holds the longest history as a December birthstone, cherished for centuries, while Tanzanite is a comparatively recent addition, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Blue Topaz and Blue Zircon complete the quartet, offering further options for those born in the final month of the year. The availability of multiple birthstones allows individuals to choose a gem that resonates with their personal preferences and beliefs.
Historical and Cultural Significance
Turquoise, arguably the most traditional December birthstone, boasts a history stretching back millennia. Ancient cultures, including those in Egypt, Persia, and the Americas, revered turquoise for its protective qualities and association with good fortune. It was used in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects, symbolizing wisdom, nobility, and the power of the sky.
Blue Zircon has also been known for centuries, though often mistaken for other blue gems. Historically, it was valued as a diamond simulant. Blue Topaz, while also having ancient roots, gained prominence as a December birthstone more recently. In ancient Hindu tradition, Blue Topaz symbolized love and affection, believed to aid in disposition and sweetness.
Tanzanite, as the newest of the December birthstones, lacks the extensive historical lore of its counterparts. However, its discovery in Tanzania quickly established it as a sought-after gem, prized for its vibrant color and relative rarity. Its association with the month of December is a more modern development, reflecting its growing popularity in the jewelry market.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of these four birthstones are diverse, reflecting their unique compositions and formation environments. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions through the interaction of copper-rich groundwater with aluminum and phosphorus-bearing rocks. Significant sources include the southwestern United States, Iran, and China.
Blue Zircon is a silicate mineral containing zirconium, often found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. Historically sourced from Sri Lanka, it is now also mined in Cambodia, Vietnam, and Australia. The blue color in zircon is often achieved through heat treatment of naturally brownish stones.
Blue Topaz is an aluminum silicate containing fluorine and hydroxyl, typically forming in igneous rocks. Major sources include Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia. The blue color in topaz is often created through irradiation and heat treatment, though naturally occurring blue topaz is also found.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is exclusively found in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. Its formation requires a specific combination of geological conditions, making it exceptionally rare. The gem is formed in metamorphic rocks and owes its distinctive blue-violet hue to the presence of vanadium.
Gemological Properties
Each of the December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appearance and durability.
Turquoise: Typically ranges from opaque to translucent, with a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale. Its color varies from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix (veins of other minerals) present.
Blue Zircon: Exhibits a vitreous luster and a hardness of 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs scale. Its color ranges from pale sky blue to deep sapphire blue, depending on the intensity of the heat treatment.
Blue Topaz: Possesses a vitreous luster and a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable. Its color ranges from light sky blue to London blue, a deep, saturated shade.
Tanzanite: Displays a vitreous luster and a hardness of 6-7 on the Mohs scale. It is pleochroic, meaning it exhibits different colors when viewed from different angles – typically blue, violet, and burgundy.
The following table summarizes these properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Luster | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated Phosphate | 5-6 | Waxy/Dull | Sky Blue to Greenish-Blue |
| Blue Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | 6.5-7.5 | Vitreous | Pale Sky Blue to Deep Sapphire Blue |
| Blue Topaz | Aluminum Silicate | 8 | Vitreous | Light Sky Blue to London Blue |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | 6-7 | Vitreous | Blue, Violet, Burgundy (Pleochroic) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise is often associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It is believed to promote communication, creativity, and emotional balance.
Blue Zircon is thought to enhance wisdom, honor, and prosperity. It is also believed to calm the nerves and promote restful sleep. Blue Topaz is associated with love, affection, and faithfulness. It is believed to enhance communication and inspire creativity.
Tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation, promoting spiritual growth and intuition. It is believed to facilitate communication with higher realms and enhance psychic abilities.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December birthstone jewelry. Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, requiring gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Blue Zircon and Blue Topaz are more durable but can still be scratched, so avoid abrasive materials. Tanzanite is susceptible to cracking from sudden temperature changes and should be cleaned with warm, soapy water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended for Tanzanite. Given its hardness of 6-7, Tanzanite is best set in earrings or pendants, and protective settings are recommended for rings.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – Tanzanite, Turquoise, Blue Topaz, and Blue Zircon – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gems. From the ancient lore of Turquoise to the modern allure of Tanzanite, each stone offers a unique blend of beauty, history, and symbolism. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, perceived metaphysical properties, or personal significance, these blue gemstones provide a meaningful connection to the month of December and the individuals born within it. The variety available ensures that every December baby can find a birthstone that truly reflects their individual spirit.