Sapphire, the recognized birthstone for September, is a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and enduring beauty. Traditionally associated with royalty, faith, and the heavens, sapphire has captivated civilizations for millennia. While most readily recognized in its classic blue hues, this remarkable gem appears in a spectrum of colors, making it a versatile and cherished addition to any jewelry collection. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of sapphire, providing a comprehensive overview of this captivating September birthstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is interwoven with tales of mythology, religion, and regal power. The name “sapphire” itself originates from the Greek word “sappheiros,” meaning blue stone. In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphire was believed to possess protective qualities, shielding its wearer from harm and envy. Ancient Persians held a particularly grand view of the gem, believing the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which was responsible for the blue color of the sky.
Throughout the Middle Ages, sapphire held a sacred place within the clergy, symbolizing Heaven and representing divine wisdom. Its association with purity and faith made it a favored adornment for religious figures. Medieval Europeans also attributed healing properties to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye ailments, even acting as an antidote to poison.
The gem’s connection to royalty continued to flourish, with sapphires frequently appearing in the crowns and jewels of kings and queens. This association with high society and nobility persists today, famously exemplified by Princess Diana’s iconic 12-carat Ceylon sapphire engagement ring, now worn by Princess Kate Middleton. The Ten Commandments are even rumored to have been inscribed on tablets of sapphire, highlighting the stone’s perceived strength and enduring nature. Buddhists also believed sapphires promoted inner peace, while in Islamic tradition, sapphires were among the precious stones adorning the seven heavens.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline mineral composed of aluminum oxide. Interestingly, corundum is inherently colorless; the vibrant hues of sapphire – and its red counterpart, ruby – are derived from trace elements within the crystal structure. The presence of elements like iron, titanium, or chromium contribute to the gem’s unique coloring.
While blue is the most well-known sapphire color, the gem can also be found in shades of orange, yellow, green, pink, purple, and even black. The specific geological conditions required for sapphire formation – high pressure and temperature – typically occur in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
The sources for sapphires are diverse, with significant deposits found across the globe. Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) is historically renowned for its high-quality sapphires, and continues to be a prominent source. While the provided sources do not specify other locations, the gem is found in various regions worldwide.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire is a remarkably durable gemstone, registering a 9.0 on the Mohs hardness scale – second only to diamond. This exceptional hardness makes it highly resistant to scratching, abrasion, and damage from everyday wear, making it an ideal choice for jewelry intended for daily use. Sapphire is also resistant to heat, light, and chemical corrosion.
The chemical composition of sapphire is aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). It is a variety of the mineral corundum. Sapphires can vary in clarity, with some exhibiting inclusions that affect their transparency.
Sapphires are often valued by carat weight, with larger stones generally commanding higher prices. The color of a sapphire significantly impacts its value, with deep, vivid blue sapphires being particularly prized. However, sapphires in other colors, such as pink or yellow, are also gaining popularity and can be quite valuable, especially if they possess exceptional clarity and saturation.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. It traditionally represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These symbolic associations have contributed to its enduring popularity as a gemstone for engagement rings and other significant jewelry pieces.
Beyond its traditional symbolism, sapphire is also associated with various metaphysical beliefs. Some believe it promotes inner peace, spiritual enlightenment, and mental clarity. It is thought to foster wisdom, focus, and a sense of calm. Carnelian, an alternative September birthstone, is associated with fertility, confidence, and abundance, and is believed to welcome good fortune when placed near an entrance. Lapis lazuli, another alternative, is linked to spirituality and the cosmos, and is considered a powerful stone.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. Routine cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated sapphires. However, caution should be exercised with fracture-filled or dyed sapphires, which should only be cleaned with a damp cloth to avoid damaging the treatment. Regular cleaning will help maintain the brilliance and beauty of sapphire jewelry for generations to come.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and religious significance to its modern-day status as a symbol of royalty and enduring love, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, combined with its stunning array of colors, makes it a truly remarkable gem. Whether chosen as a September birthstone or simply admired for its inherent beauty, sapphire remains a treasured and timeless treasure.