For those born in August, a trio of captivating gemstones—peridot, spinel, and sardonyx—serve as birthstones. Among these, peridot holds a particularly significant place in history and continues to be a favored gem for its vibrant color and intriguing origins. Often referred to as the “evening emerald,” peridot boasts a history stretching back millennia, intertwined with ancient beliefs, royal adornments, and even extraterrestrial origins. This article delves into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its geological formation, historical significance, gemological properties, and enduring symbolism.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is one of mistaken identity and enduring allure. Throughout history, this gem has frequently been confused with other green stones, notably emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was once believed to be the primary source of topaz, but in reality, yielded significant quantities of peridot. This historical misidentification led scholars like Pliny the Elder to refer to peridot as “topaz,” further blurring the lines between the two gems.
Ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, believing it possessed healing properties and protective powers. They referred to it as the “gem of the sun,” appreciating its golden-green hue. Archeological evidence suggests that Cleopatra herself favored peridot, though she believed she was adorning herself with emeralds. The gem’s use wasn’t limited to personal adornment; it was also incorporated into priestly jewelry as early as the second century BCE and featured prominently in the chalices and churches of medieval Europe.
Peridot’s reputation as a protective talisman is deeply rooted in ancient beliefs. It was thought to shield the wearer from evil spirits and “terrors of the night,” offering a sense of security and well-being. This association with protection and positive energy continues to resonate with some today. The gem is also traditionally given to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing a long and prosperous union.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem born of extreme geological conditions. Its chemical formula, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, reveals its composition of magnesium, iron, and silicate. This composition is characteristic of the mineral olivine, of which peridot is a gem-quality variety. The presence of iron dictates the intensity of the green hue, ranging from yellowish-green to a deeper olive tone.
Remarkably, peridot can be found in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial settings. It has been discovered in fallen meteorites, specifically Pallasite Meteorites, though these stones are typically too small for jewelry use. More commonly, peridot is brought to the Earth’s surface through volcanic activity, originating from the upper mantle. The volcanic eruptions carry the gem from deep within the Earth.
Historically, some of the finest peridot specimens have been sourced from the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. Mining on this island began as early as 340–279 BCE, but its harsh conditions earned it ominous names like the Island of Death and Ophiodes (“snake island”). Today, significant peridot deposits are found in various locations worldwide, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States.
The San Carlos Apache Reservation in Arizona is now a leading producer of peridot. The peridot found here is believed to have originated from a volcanic eruption that occurred over 2.5 million years ago, yielding stones ranging in color from yellowish-green to a rich olive green, and sometimes exceeding three carats in size. Peridot Beach in Hawaii also offers a unique source, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of peridot grains.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a semi-precious gemstone with distinct gemological characteristics. While often compared to emerald, it possesses unique properties that set it apart.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Mineral Class | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-green to olive green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Refractive Index | 1.653 - 1.683 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, though it is still susceptible to scratches and requires careful handling. Its vitreous luster gives it a bright, glass-like appearance. A notable characteristic of peridot is its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light, earning it the nickname “evening emerald.” This unique capacity distinguishes it from other green gemstones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed the gem held healing powers and could ward off evil. The association with the sun reinforced its connection to positivity, energy, and vitality.
In modern metaphysical practices, peridot is often associated with abundance, prosperity, and emotional balance. Some believe it can help release negative emotions, promote self-esteem, and attract positive energy. It is also considered a stone of protection, shielding the wearer from harmful influences. While these beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they contribute to the gem’s enduring appeal and perceived value.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to prevent scratches. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals.
Cleaning peridot is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. After cleaning, rinse the peridot thoroughly with clean water and dry it with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain the gem’s brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, is a gem steeped in history, lore, and geological wonder. From its ancient origins on the island of Zabargad to its modern-day sources in Arizona and beyond, peridot has captivated cultures for millennia. Its vibrant green hue, unique gemological properties, and enduring symbolism continue to make it a cherished gemstone for jewelry enthusiasts and those seeking a connection to the earth’s natural beauty. Whether admired for its aesthetic appeal or its perceived metaphysical properties, peridot remains a timeless treasure, embodying the warmth and vitality of the summer sun.