Those born on October 27th, and throughout the month of October, are uniquely blessed with not one, but two captivating birthstones: pink tourmaline and opal. Both gemstones offer a stunning array of colors and possess a rich history steeped in lore and symbolism. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of these October birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts, buyers, and students of gemology.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year dates back centuries, crossing numerous cultures. Each stone was believed to possess unique powers and qualities extending beyond mere aesthetic appeal. Opal holds the distinction as the traditional October birthstone, with its history tracing back to ancient India, where it was known as upala, meaning “precious stone.” The term evolved into opalus in ancient Rome. Ancient Greeks believed opals bestowed the gift of prophecy and protection from disease, while Europeans considered them symbols of purity, hope, and truth. For hundreds of years, opal was thought to embody the virtues of all colored stones.
Tourmaline, the modern October birthstone, also boasts a rich past. The name itself originates from the Sinhalese word toramalli, meaning “stone with mixed colors,” a fitting description given the gem’s remarkable variety. In the late 19th century, the Chinese Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi developed a profound fondness for pink tourmaline, acquiring nearly the entire production from California mines. She even requested to be buried with a pink tourmaline pillow, and the remainder of her collection was crafted into exquisite carvings.
The dual designation of birthstones for October arose in 1952 when the National Association of Jewelers sought to standardize birthstone lists, broadening options and reflecting evolving styles. Concerns about opal’s relative delicacy and a perception of it being overly feminine led to the addition of tourmaline as a contemporary alternative.
Geological Formation and Sources
Opal is a mineraloid – distinct from a true mineral – formed through the gradual natural heating of silica gel found within cracks in rocks. It is valued for its “play-of-color,” a shifting display of rainbow hues under white light. While once considered relatively rare, the discovery of rich mines in Australia significantly increased its availability.
Tourmaline, specifically the elbaite variety most commonly found in jewelry, forms in distinctive prism-like crystals with long hexagonal structures. These crystals exhibit remarkable beauty when exposed to light. Tourmaline is sourced from various regions worldwide, including Brazil, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Africa, and the United States. Brazil is particularly renowned for its diverse range of tourmaline colors, including the highly sought-after Paraíba tourmaline, known for its electric blue and green hues. Other notable sources include Madagascar, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka, each contributing to the gemstone’s rich diversity.
Gemological Properties
Opal
Opal’s defining characteristic is its play-of-color, a phenomenon caused by the diffraction of light within its internal structure. This creates the vibrant flashes of color that make each opal unique. Opal does not possess a specific chemical formula in the same way as crystalline minerals. It is composed of hydrated amorphous silica (SiO₂·nH₂O).
Pink Tourmaline
Pink tourmaline, a variety of elbaite, is a complex borosilicate mineral with a chemical formula of (Na,Ca)(Al,Li,Mg)₃(Al,Fe,Mn)₆(BO₃)₃(Si₆O₁₈)(OH)₄. It forms in long, prismatic crystals. The color variations in pink tourmaline are due to trace elements within its composition. The gem exhibits a vitreous luster and can range in transparency from transparent to opaque.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Opal | Pink Tourmaline |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂·nH₂O | (Na,Ca)(Al,Li,Mg)₃(Al,Fe,Mn)₆(BO₃)₃(Si₆O₁₈)(OH)₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5.5 - 6.5 | 7 - 7.5 |
| Luster | Vitreous to resinous | Vitreous |
| Transparency | Transparent to opaque | Transparent to opaque |
| Play-of-Color | Present (in precious opal) | Absent |
| Crystal System | Amorphous | Trigonal |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both opal and tourmaline have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Opal has long been associated with hope, purity, and truth. Bedouins believed opal held lightning and fell from the sky during thunderstorms.
Tourmaline, celebrated for its diverse colors, is believed to inspire creativity and balance both body and mind. It is thought to promote strength and individuality, reminding wearers to stay true to themselves. The gemstone is also celebrated for its powerful healing properties, though these claims are not scientifically substantiated.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively lower hardness, opal is more susceptible to scratches and damage than tourmaline. It should be handled with care and protected from impacts. Cleaning opal involves using a soft cloth and lukewarm soapy water. Avoid harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners.
Pink tourmaline, with a hardness of 7-7.5 on the Mohs scale, is more durable and can withstand everyday wear. It can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for tourmaline, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled.
Conclusion
October’s birthstones, pink tourmaline and opal, represent a beautiful duality. Opal, the traditional choice, embodies a sense of history, mystery, and ethereal beauty, while pink tourmaline, the modern selection, offers a vibrant spectrum of color and a connection to more recent lore. Both gemstones are cherished for their unique qualities and symbolic significance, making them meaningful gifts and treasured adornments for those born in the tenth month. Their diverse origins and captivating properties continue to fascinate gem enthusiasts and collectors worldwide.