For those born in August, a trio of captivating gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – claim the title of birthstone. While sardonyx holds the distinction of being the oldest August birthstone on record, and spinel a more recent addition, peridot boasts a history steeped in mystique and a unique origin story. This vibrant green gem, often mistaken for emerald or topaz in antiquity, is celebrated for its captivating color and fascinating geological formation. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, the quintessential August birthstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is interwoven with tales of mistaken identity and ancient reverence. For centuries, the gem was often confused with other green stones, particularly emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, historically believed to be the source of topaz, actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. As noted by George Frederick Kuntz in 1913, ancient scholars frequently referred to peridot as “topaz,” further blurring the lines between the two gems.
References to peridot appear in biblical texts, though some scholars believe these references may actually describe topaz due to the historical confusion. Sardonyx and peridot are both recognized as traditional birthstones for August, with peridot gaining prominence over time. The gem’s association with royalty and power is evident in historical accounts; some speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection actually consisted largely of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, now identified as peridot.
More recently, in 2016, the Jewelers of America (JA) and the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) updated their birthstone list, solidifying spinel as a modern alternative for August, alongside peridot and sardonyx. This addition provided those born in August with a wider selection of gemstones to choose from.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality transparent variety of olivine, a mineral composed of magnesium-iron silicates. Its distinctive green hue arises from the presence of iron within the crystal structure, with brownish tinges indicating a higher iron content. The gem’s formation is particularly remarkable, occurring under extreme conditions both within the Earth and beyond.
Peridot is brought to the Earth’s surface through volcanic activity, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle by hardened lava. Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered within meteorites, representing a truly extraterrestrial origin. This unique characteristic lends peridot a captivating allure, as owning the gem means possessing a piece of our vast universe.
Historically, the Red Sea island of Zabargad (the Arabic name for olivine) was a significant source of peridot. Today, peridot is mined in various locations worldwide, including Norway, Brazil, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Australia, Mexico, and the Mogok district of Myanmar (Burma). The San Carlos Indian reservation in Arizona is also known for its peridot deposits, though the stones are typically small. The beaches near peridot deposits sometimes exhibit a greenish hue due to the presence of tiny peridot crystals.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s gemological properties contribute to its unique appeal. The gem’s color ranges from yellow-green to brownish-green, with the most desirable stones exhibiting a vibrant, pure green hue without any brown or yellow undertones. The intensity of the color is directly related to the amount of iron present in the stone. Some peridot stones display a characteristic “evening emerald” effect, appearing greener under artificial light.
While a detailed chemical formula and refractive index are not provided in the sources, it is established that peridot is an olivine mineral comprised of magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen. The sources do not provide information on specific gravity, crystal system, or other detailed gemological data.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Traditionally, the gem was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Ancient Hawaiians associated peridot with the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic eruptions. This connection to volcanic activity further reinforces the gem’s powerful and dynamic energy.
Peridot is also said to symbolize strength and good fortune. It is traditionally given to celebrate the 16th year of marriage, representing a lasting and resilient bond.
Care and Cleaning
The sources do not provide specific details on peridot’s hardness or cleavage, but its composition as an olivine mineral suggests it requires careful handling. Given its formation in volcanic environments and potential presence in meteorites, it is reasonable to assume peridot is relatively durable, but susceptible to scratching or damage from harsh chemicals. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended to maintain its brilliance. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as these may damage the stone.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, stands as a testament to the Earth’s powerful geological forces and the wonders of the cosmos. From its ancient origins and historical misidentification to its unique formation through volcanic activity and extraterrestrial delivery, peridot’s story is as compelling as its vibrant color. Whether cherished for its beauty, its symbolic meaning, or its fascinating origins, peridot remains a treasured gemstone for those born under the August sun.