August is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While peridot is often considered the primary stone, the inclusion of spinel, added in 2016, and the historically significant sardonyx, provides a diverse range of options for those born in August. These gemstones each possess distinct histories, geological origins, and symbolic meanings, making the choice a personal one. This article will delve into the characteristics of each of these August birthstones, exploring their origins, properties, and cultural significance as revealed by available sources.
History and Lore
Sardonyx holds the longest documented history of the three, appearing in ancient texts like the Bible as one of the stones in the high priest’s breastplate and as a foundational stone of Jerusalem. Its use dates back to ancient civilizations, particularly among the Greeks and Romans, who valued it for its perceived protective qualities and believed it brought victory in battle and enhanced communication skills.
Peridot’s history is somewhat intertwined with that of topaz. Historical texts often used the name “topaz” to refer to what is now known as peridot, particularly amber to yellow-green gems. George Frederick Kuntz, in his 1913 publication, The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, noted this historical conflation, suggesting the ancient “topaz” was frequently our chrysolite, or peridot. The island of Topazios, historically known for its supposed topaz production, never actually yielded the November birthstone, further supporting the idea of a historical misidentification.
Spinel, while gaining recognition as an August birthstone more recently, has a history of being mistaken for other, more valuable gemstones like ruby and sapphire due to its similar color range and brilliance. This often led to spinel being included amongst the crown jewels, though mislabeled.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem-quality transparent variety of olivine, a mineral composed of magnesium-iron silicates. The color, ranging from olive to lime green, is attributed to the presence of iron within the crystal structure. Interestingly, peridot has been found not only in volcanic lava flows, brought to the surface from the Earth’s upper mantle, but also within meteorites, specifically Pallasite Meteorites. While meteorite-sourced peridot is typically too small for jewelry, larger, gem-quality stones are mined in several locations worldwide. These include Norway, Brazil, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Australia, Mexico, and the Mogok district of Myanmar (Burma). The island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, historically known as a source of peridot, is a small, desolate island where the gem crystals line fissures in the rock and even tint the beaches green with tiny crystals.
Sardonyx is sourced from India, but can also be found in Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. It is a type of onyx characterized by reddish-brown bands layered with white.
Spinel’s origins are not detailed in the provided sources beyond its presence in various locations alongside rubies and sapphires, leading to historical confusion. The sources do mention variations in color, including red, blue, purple, and green, with industry-specific names like rubicelle (yellow-orange), almandine (purple), sapphirine (blue), and chlorospinel (green).
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, indicating its composition of magnesium, iron, and silicon dioxide. It is known as the “evening emerald” due to its ability to sparkle under both natural and artificial light. However, it is distinct from emerald in its chemical composition and characteristics.
Sardonyx, being a variety of onyx, is more stone-like in appearance compared to the crystal-like appearance of peridot. It features a reddish-brown color with distinctive white banding.
Spinel is a separate mineral species from ruby and sapphire, despite often being mistaken for them. It possesses a different crystal structure and is generally more affordable. It exhibits a wide range of colors, including red, blue, purple, and green, offering a vibrant alternative to the more expensive corundum gemstones.
A comparative table of key properties, based on the provided sources, is as follows:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Range | Appearance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4 | Yellowish-green to olive green, brownish tinge | Crystal-like |
| Sardonyx | (Variety of Onyx) | Reddish-brown with white banding | Stone-like |
| Spinel | (Various) | Red, blue, purple, green, yellow-orange | Similar to ruby/sapphire, but distinct |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx symbolizes strength, courage, and protection, historically used in amulets, cameos, and seals.
Peridot is associated with abundance, protection, and positivity.
Spinel is believed to have refreshing properties, capable of renewing energy and fostering humility in victory, according to author Judy Hall. Red spinel, like carnelian and other blood-colored stones, is often linked to the heart.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care instructions for each gemstone. However, given peridot’s composition and appearance, it would likely benefit from gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Spinel and sardonyx, being relatively durable, could likely withstand similar cleaning methods. Further research into the specific hardness and cleavage properties of each stone would be necessary to provide more detailed care recommendations.
Conclusion
August’s three birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – offer a rich tapestry of history, geological origins, and symbolic meanings. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the more recently recognized spinel and the historically misidentified peridot, each gemstone holds a unique place in the world of gemology. The choice between these three stones is a personal one, reflecting individual preferences and the desired symbolism. The availability of three options ensures that anyone born in August can find a birthstone that resonates with their personality and style.