The world of birthstones is rich with history, symbolism, and geological wonder. While many associate each month with a single gemstone, several months, including June and February, boast multiple options, reflecting evolving traditions and discoveries. This article delves into the fascinating world of these birthstones – Alexandrite, Pearl, and Moonstone for June, and Amethyst for February – exploring their origins, properties, and cultural significance as revealed by historical and gemological sources.
A History of Monthly Associations
The practice of associating specific gemstones with months of the year has ancient roots, though the modern list is a relatively recent development. Ancient traditions often linked gemstones to zodiac signs rather than calendar months. The current system largely stems from the 1912 standardization by the American National Retail Jewelers Association, now known as Jewelers of America. However, even after this standardization, additions and modifications have continued. Alexandrite was added to June’s list in 1952, while Tanzanite joined December’s stones in 2002, and Spinel became an August birthstone in 2016. This demonstrates a dynamic evolution in birthstone designations, influenced by both historical precedent and contemporary preferences. Traditionally, each month was assigned a single gemstone, but today, multiple options are common, allowing for greater personalization and choice.
June’s Trio: Alexandrite, Pearl, and Moonstone
June presents a unique case with three recognized birthstones: Alexandrite, Pearl, and Moonstone. Each possesses distinct characteristics and a rich history.
Alexandrite: A Color-Changing Marvel
Alexandrite is a relatively modern addition to the June birthstone family, recognized in 1952. This gemstone is prized for its remarkable color-changing ability, displaying green in daylight and red under incandescent light. Chemically, it is a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Alexandrite is noted for being harder and more durable than Amethyst, making it a highly valued gemstone.
Pearl: A Timeless Classic
Pearl, one of the most admired gemstones since ancient times, holds a prominent place in June’s birthstone selection. Its name originates from the Latin word ‘Perna,’ referring to the leg-of-mutton shape of an open mollusk shell. Pearls have been treasured for millennia, appearing in ancient Greek and Roman artifacts and continuing to be a symbol of elegance and purity.
Moonstone: The Stone of Lunar Deities
Moonstone, the third June birthstone, is celebrated for its adularescence – a shimmering, ethereal light that appears to stream across the gemstone. Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian, named it “moonstone” due to its resemblance to the phases of the moon. Associated with Roman and Greek lunar deities and Hindu mythology, Moonstone is believed to be made of solidified moonbeams. It is a form of the mineral feldspar, producing a pearl-like luster when light penetrates the stone. Moonstone is often milky white or gray with a white or silvery glow, and can also be found in pink, orange, or multicolored varieties. It is often referred to as “The Traveller’s Stone” and was used as a protective charm for nighttime journeys.
February’s Amethyst: A Stone of Clarity and Calm
February is represented by Amethyst, a gemstone with a long and storied past. Records of Amethyst’s use extend back to ancient Greece and Rome, where it was fashioned into vessels for beverages, with the belief that it could prevent intoxication. Amethyst is a naturally occurring quartz, contrasting sharply with Alexandrite, which is a chrysoberyl. While Alexandrite is harder and more durable, Amethyst is still a popular and beautiful gemstone. It is known for its association with clarity and calm, and is often a more readily available and affordable option compared to some of its modern counterparts.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Luster |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexandrite | Chrysoberyl | 8.5 | Green, Red (color-changing) | Vitreous |
| Pearl | Calcium Carbonate | 2.5 - 4.5 | White, Cream, Pink, Black, Silver | Pearly |
| Moonstone | Feldspar | 6 - 6.5 | Milky White, Gray, Pink, Orange, Blue | Pearly |
| Amethyst | Quartz | 7 | Violet, Lavender, Purple | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these birthstones have been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Garnet, the January birthstone, represents fertility and rebirth, believed to open doors to new opportunities. Amethyst is associated with clarity and calm, while Moonstone symbolizes love, passion, and fertility, and is believed to bring magical dreams. Pearls have long been associated with purity and elegance. Alexandrite, while newer to the symbolic landscape, is often linked to good fortune and balance.
Geographic Origins and Mining Locations
Garnet is found in various regions, including Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Brazil, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Amethyst is widely distributed, with significant deposits in Brazil and Uruguay. Pearls are sourced from mollusks in oceans and freshwater environments worldwide. Alexandrite is rarer and found in locations like Russia, Sri Lanka, and Brazil. Moonstone is mined in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia.
Care and Cleaning
The care required for each gemstone varies based on its hardness and composition. Diamonds, being the hardest, require minimal care. Pearls, being relatively soft, are susceptible to damage from chemicals and abrasives and should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. Amethyst, with a Mohs hardness of 7, is relatively durable but should still be protected from harsh impacts. Alexandrite, also quite durable, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Moonstone, being somewhat softer, requires gentle handling and cleaning.
Modern vs. Traditional Lists
The birthstone landscape has evolved over time. While traditional lists have been passed down for centuries, modern lists, established by organizations like the Jewelry Industry Council of America, have added new gemstones to reflect discoveries and changing preferences. This has resulted in some months having multiple birthstone options, offering consumers greater choice and personalization.
Conclusion
The birthstones of June and February – Alexandrite, Pearl, Moonstone, and Amethyst – represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the color-changing magic of Alexandrite to the timeless elegance of Pearls, the ethereal glow of Moonstone, and the calming violet hues of Amethyst, each gemstone holds a unique allure. Understanding their origins, properties, and cultural significance allows for a deeper appreciation of these beautiful gifts from the earth and their enduring place in the world of gemstones.