December is unique among the calendar months, possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. This multiplicity reflects a fascinating evolution in birthstone traditions, shifting from earlier associations with ruby to the modern inclusion of these diverse and captivating gems. Each stone carries its own distinct history, symbolism, and value, offering a range of choices for those seeking a meaningful connection to their December birthstone. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of these three gemstones, as understood through historical context and current gemological understanding.
A Shifting Tradition: The History of December Birthstones
The designation of birthstones has a long and complex history, evolving over centuries and across cultures. Initially, the association of gemstones with specific months was linked to the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles, with ruby traditionally linked to December. This connection stemmed from early Biblical gemstone lists. However, by 1870, turquoise had begun to emerge as a primary December birthstone, popularized by Tiffany & Co.’s publication of “Gregorian Birthstone Poems.” This pamphlet significantly influenced the standardization of birthstone lists in the United States.
Further refinements occurred in 1912, when the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) officially recognized turquoise as the December birthstone, with lapis lazuli listed as an alternative. Zircon was added to the list in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and most recently, in 2002, tanzanite joined the ranks of December’s birthstones. This progression demonstrates a dynamic process of cultural adoption and commercial influence in shaping birthstone traditions. The question of the “real” December birthstone remains open to interpretation, as each gem holds its own unique appeal and historical significance.
Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Tradition
Turquoise, consistently featured in December birthstone lists, boasts a rich history deeply intertwined with various cultures. Its name derives from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” as the gem was often imported to Europe through Turkey. Historically, turquoise was revered by Native American cultures, who considered it a sacred stone representing protection, healing, and good fortune. It was used extensively in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects.
The stone’s color, ranging from sky blue to greenish-blue, is determined by its copper content. Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, formed from hydrated copper aluminum phosphate. While not possessing exceptional hardness, its unique color and cultural significance have ensured its enduring popularity.
Tanzanite: A Modern Gem with a Singular Origin
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered relatively recently in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. Remarkably, Tanzania remains the only source of tanzanite on Earth, contributing to its exclusivity and value. Introduced to the market by Tiffany & Co. in 1968, the gem was named in honor of its country of origin.
Tanzanite is a transparent variety of the mineral zoisite. In its rough state, it often appears brownish, but when heated, it transforms into a stunning blue or violet hue. The intensity of the color – ranging from violetish blue to bluish violet – significantly impacts its value, with deeper saturation being more desirable. Larger tanzanites, exceeding five carats, are particularly prized. The quality of the cut is also crucial, as it affects the gem’s ability to reflect color. Tanzanite’s value can reach up to $1,500 per carat for high-quality specimens. In 2024, a 703.4-carat tanzanite sculpture, named L’Heure Bleu, broke records as the largest cut tanzanite.
Zircon: A Gem of Fire and Brilliance
Zircon, another December birthstone, is often confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic diamond simulant. However, natural zircon is a distinct gemstone with a long and fascinating history. Historically, zircon was valued for its brilliance and fire, often used as a substitute for diamond.
Zircon occurs in a variety of colors, but blue zircon is the most commonly associated with December. The gem is a silicate of zirconium, and its refractive index contributes to its exceptional sparkle. While durable, zircon possesses a relatively high degree of brittleness and requires careful handling.
Gemological Properties and Value Comparison
The value of birthstones varies considerably, influenced by factors such as rarity, color, clarity, and carat weight. The following table provides a comparative overview of the approximate price per carat for each December birthstone, as well as other popular birthstones, based on available data:
| Birthstone | Price per Carat | Birth Month |
|---|---|---|
| Diamond | $3,000 - $11,000 | April |
| Ruby | $3,000 - $10,000 | July |
| Emerald | $3,000 - $7,000 | May |
| Sapphire | $1,000 - $3,500 | September |
| Alexandrite | $2,500 - $3,000 | June |
| Aquamarine | $800 - $1,000 | March |
| Peridot | $400 - $650 | August |
| Garnet | $500 - $600 | January |
| Blue Topaz | $100 - $400 | December |
| Tourmaline | $100 - $400 | October |
| Amethyst | $50 - $90 | February |
| Citrine | $10 - $50 | November |
| Tanzanite | $1,000 - $1,500 | December |
As the table illustrates, tanzanite generally commands a higher price per carat than turquoise or zircon, reflecting its rarity and increasing demand. Turquoise and zircon are comparatively more affordable options, offering beauty and symbolism at a lower cost.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own symbolic weight. Turquoise is associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. Tanzanite is believed to promote spiritual awareness and transformation. Zircon is thought to enhance wisdom, prosperity, and honor. These symbolic associations contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones, making them meaningful gifts and personal adornments.
Choosing the Right December Birthstone
Selecting a December birthstone is a personal decision, guided by individual preferences, budget, and desired symbolism. For those seeking a vibrant and historically significant gem, turquoise offers a connection to ancient traditions. Tanzanite appeals to those desiring a rare and modern gemstone with exceptional beauty. Zircon provides a brilliant and affordable option with a rich history.
Conclusion
December’s trio of birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represents a fascinating blend of tradition, rarity, and beauty. From the ancient symbolism of turquoise to the modern allure of tanzanite and the historical brilliance of zircon, each gem offers a unique connection to the month of December. Understanding their origins, properties, and values allows for a more informed and meaningful appreciation of these captivating gemstones.