December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – offering a spectrum of blues to suit every preference. These gemstones each possess a unique history, geological origin, and set of characteristics that have captivated cultures for millennia. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of these December birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the allure of these beautiful gems.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific birth months dates back centuries, though the specific assignments have evolved over time. Turquoise, with its ancient roots, holds the longest history of association with December, having been cherished by civilizations for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence reveals that turquoise adorned the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, symbolizing health and good fortune. Chinese artisans were also carving turquoise over 3,000 years ago. Beliefs surrounding turquoise extended to protection; from the 13th century onward, it was thought to safeguard wearers from falls, particularly while riding horses, and even to warn of impending disaster by fracturing. In Hindu traditions, viewing turquoise after a new moon was believed to bring immense wealth.
Zircon’s history is equally rich, with its name potentially originating from either the Arabic word “zarkun” meaning cinnabar or vermilion, or the Persian word “zargun,” meaning gold-colored. This reflects the gem’s diverse color range, which includes reds, oranges, yellows, browns, greens, and blues. During the Middle Ages, zircon was believed to induce sleep and ward off evil spirits. Within the Hindu religion, zircon, alongside hessonite garnet, forms part of the navaratna – a set of nine gems believed to bestow wealth, wisdom, and good health upon the wearer. Victorian-era jewelry frequently featured blue zircon, particularly in estate pieces from the 1880s.
While topaz has a long history, its association as a December birthstone is more recent. The name “topaz” itself derives from the Sanskrit word for “fire.” Blue topaz, a popular modern choice, gained prominence through irradiation techniques that enhance its color.
Geological Formation and Sources
Turquoise is a unique mineral, a copper aluminum phosphate, formed near water tables in semi-arid and dry environments where rock is present. The distinctive blue and green hues are attributed to the presence of copper and iron, respectively, with veins often appearing due to remnants of the host rock.
Zircon is found alongside sapphire in locations such as Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Its formation occurs in a variety of geological settings, contributing to its diverse color range.
Blue topaz, often produced by irradiating naturally colorless topaz, is sourced from several locations. While specific details on natural blue topaz sources are limited, the gem is commonly found in association with sapphire deposits.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. Turquoise is a semi-translucent to opaque gem, ranging in color from blue to green, often exhibiting veined patterns.
Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness, making it susceptible to abrasion. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. Prolonged exposure to bright light can sometimes cause heat-treated zircon to revert to its original color, typically a light brown.
Blue topaz, a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine, exhibits a glass-like luster and deep cleavage, making it somewhat delicate despite its hardness. Varieties of blue topaz include London Blue, known for its deep inky hue; Swiss Blue, displaying a vibrant medium light blue; and Sky Blue, offering a light aqua color. The chemical formula for blue topaz is Al2SiO4(F,OH)4. London Blue topaz is particularly prized by collectors for its rich, dark color.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Luster | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | 5-6 | Blue to Green, often veined | Waxy | Opaque |
| Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | 6-7.5 | Red, Orange, Yellow, Blue | Adamantine | Transparent to Opaque |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | 8 | Shades of Blue | Vitreous | Transparent to Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, good fortune, and health. Zircon, in various cultures, has been linked to prosperity, wisdom, and spiritual enlightenment. The Maasi tribespeople of Tanzania believed tanzanite, discovered in that country, would bring an enriched life.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh conditions. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should also be handled with care and avoided in rough environments. Blue topaz, while harder, can be cleaved, requiring gentle handling.
For cleaning, warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally recommended for all three gemstones. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not advised for tanzanite or zircon. Zircon’s color can be altered by heat, so avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, and turquoise – represent a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. Each gem offers a unique aesthetic and a connection to ancient traditions. Whether seeking a vibrant blue hue, a protective talisman, or a symbol of prosperity, the December birthstones provide a diverse and enchanting selection for those born in the final month of the year.