December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – each possessing a unique history, geological origin, and aesthetic appeal. For those born in the twelfth month of the year, a spectrum of blue hues offers a personalized connection to the world of gemstones. This article will delve into the characteristics, historical significance, and lore surrounding these captivating December birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back centuries, though the specific assignments have evolved over time. Turquoise holds the distinction of being one of the oldest known gemstones, with evidence of its use dating back to 4000 BC in Egypt. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, valuing it for its beauty and perceived protective qualities. The stone also held significance in Persian and Native American cultures, symbolizing prosperity and good fortune. The name “turquoise” itself originates from the French phrase “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting its passage through Turkish trading routes into Europe in the thirteenth century.
Zircon and topaz also have long histories, though their association with December is more recent. Zircon was believed to protect the wearer from falling, particularly from horseback, and was thought to ward off disaster as early as the 13th century. Hindu mystics believed that viewing turquoise after a new moon would bring wealth. Topaz derives its name from the Sanskrit word for “fire,” and has been prized for its brilliance.
Tanzanite, however, is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Local Maasai tribespeople believed the brilliant blue stones would bring an enriched life, associating the gem with spiritual enlightenment and harmony. Legend attributes its creation to lightning striking Mount Kilimanjaro, transforming dull brown crystals into the vibrant violet-blue hues seen today.
Geological Formation and Sources
The formation of these December birthstones occurs through diverse geological processes. Turquoise, a copper aluminum phosphate, forms in semi-humid and dry environments where rainwater and groundwater interact with copper-bearing minerals near rock formations. The distinctive blue color is derived from copper, while iron contributes to green shades. Turquoise deposits are found in various regions worldwide, though specific locations are not detailed in the provided sources beyond a general mention of rich deposits.
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral composed of aluminum and fluorine. It is often created through irradiation of naturally colorless topaz, though natural blue topaz does exist. Topaz sources include Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia, often found in proximity to sapphire deposits.
Tanzanite’s unique formation requires very specific conditions and is found exclusively in a small geographic area in Tanzania, making it a remarkably rare gemstone.
Zircon forms in a variety of geological settings and can be found in a range of colors. It is commonly heat-treated to produce the blue and colorless varieties favored as birthstones.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties. Turquoise is an opaque gem, ranging in color from blue to green, often exhibiting veined patterns due to the remnants of the rock in which it formed. These veins can be black, silver, tan, or gold, contributing to the stone’s unique character.
Blue topaz, with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)4, exhibits a glass-like luster and deep cleavage, making it somewhat delicate despite its hardness. Varieties include London Blue (deep inky blue), Swiss Blue (vibrant medium light blue), and Sky Blue (light aqua).
Tanzanite is noted for its pleochroism, displaying different colors when viewed from different angles. While the sources do not provide specific refractive index or hardness data, they do note its rarity and increasing popularity, second only to sapphire among colored gemstones.
Zircon ranges from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red. Heat treatment can sometimes alter the color over prolonged exposure to bright light.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color Range | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | Blue to Green | Not specified | Opaque |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(F,OH)4 | Various shades of Blue | Not specified | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Not specified | Blue to Violet-Blue | Not specified | Transparent |
| Blue Zircon | Not specified | Blue | 6-7.5 | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Turquoise is associated with prosperity, love, and good fortune. It is believed to boost positive energy, promote happiness, and encourage honesty in relationships.
Tanzanite is linked to spiritual enlightenment and harmony, reflecting the beliefs of the Maasai people who first discovered it.
Zircon was historically believed to offer protection from physical harm and misfortune.
Blue topaz is often associated with communication and self-expression.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be worn with caution and avoided in rough conditions. Cleaning zircon involves using a soft brush and mild soap in warm water; ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended.
Topaz, while relatively hard, possesses deep cleavage and should be handled with care.
Turquoise, being a more porous material, requires gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners.
The sources do not provide specific cleaning instructions for tanzanite, but general guidelines for colored gemstones – avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners – would be prudent.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – blue topaz, blue zircon, tanzanite, and turquoise – represent a captivating blend of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite, each gem offers a unique connection to the natural world and a personalized expression of December’s spirit. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, perceived metaphysical properties, or historical significance, these blue gems continue to enchant and inspire.