June boasts a unique distinction among birthstones: it possesses not one, but two primary gems – the pearl and the alexandrite. While the pearl holds a long and storied history as June’s traditional birthstone, the alexandrite, a relatively recent discovery, has emerged as a popular modern alternative. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of both these fascinating gemstones, drawing exclusively from available sources.
A Historical Perspective
The concept of birthstones, as it is understood today, evolved over centuries. Its roots lie in biblical times, with the twelve gemstones adorning the breastplate of Aaron believed to correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel. Later, connections were made between these stones and the signs of the zodiac, and eventually, the months of the year. The practice of associating a single gem with each birth month solidified between the 16th and 18th centuries, with Poland originating the list of traditional birthstones. The modern list, including the designation of alexandrite for June, was formalized by the National Association of Jewelers in 1912.
The pearl, however, predates this formalized system by millennia. Its use in jewelry and adornment stretches back to ancient civilizations, with myths and legends accumulating around its lustrous beauty. In contrast, alexandrite’s history is comparatively brief. Discovered in Russia in the 19th century, it was named in honor of the future Czar Alexander II.
The Pearl: An Organic Gem
Unlike most gemstones formed within the earth, the pearl is an organic gem, created within a living organism – typically an oyster or mollusk. This unique origin contributes to its distinctive qualities and enduring appeal. Pearls have been prized for their beauty and perceived mystical properties for centuries.
Alexandrite: A Color-Changing Rarity
Alexandrite is a remarkable gemstone renowned for its ability to change color depending on the light source. It appears green in daylight but shifts to a purple-red hue under incandescent lighting. This phenomenon, known as the alexandrite effect, is a result of the gem’s unique chemical composition and its interaction with different wavelengths of light. This color change is highly sought after and contributes significantly to the gem’s value. Alexandrite is a relatively recent addition to the world of gemstones, discovered in the Ural Mountains of Russia in the 19th century.
Geological Formation and Sources
Pearls form when an irritant, such as a grain of sand, enters an oyster’s shell. As a defense mechanism, the oyster coats the irritant with layers of nacre, a substance composed of calcium carbonate, creating the pearl. Natural pearls are rare and highly valued, while cultured pearls are created through a deliberate process of introducing an irritant into the oyster.
Alexandrite, a variety of the mineral chrysoberyl, forms in metamorphic rocks. The original discovery location was in the Ural Mountains of Russia. While Russian alexandrite remains highly prized, sources have also been found in Sri Lanka, India, Brazil, and East Africa. The scarcity of alexandrite, coupled with the specific geological conditions required for its formation, contributes to its high price per carat.
Gemological Properties
The gemological properties of pearls and alexandrite differ significantly, reflecting their distinct origins and compositions.
Pearl: Pearls are not typically evaluated using the same “4Cs” (cut, clarity, color, carat) as diamonds. Instead, their value is determined by factors such as luster, nacre quality, shape, size, and surface perfection.
Alexandrite: Alexandrite belongs to the chrysoberyl mineral family. Its key properties include:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | BeAl₂O₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8.5 |
| Refractive Index | 1.743 - 1.753 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.71 - 3.85 |
| Color Change | Green to Red |
The hardness of 8.5 on the Mohs scale indicates that alexandrite is a durable gemstone, suitable for use in jewelry. The color change, however, is its most defining characteristic.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both pearls and alexandrite have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Pearls have long been associated with purity, innocence, and wisdom. In ancient times, they symbolized fertility and rebirth. Medieval medicine attributed healing properties to pearls, believing they could cure headaches and epilepsy and rejuvenate the spirit.
While alexandrite lacks the ancient lore associated with pearls, some modern beliefs attribute heightened intuition and pleasure to the gem. In India, moonstone, another June birthstone, is considered a sacred stone believed to encapsulate a spirit that brings good fortune.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their differing compositions, pearls and alexandrite require different care routines. Pearls are relatively soft and can be damaged by harsh chemicals, abrasives, and even prolonged exposure to sunlight. They should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh cleaning agents.
Alexandrite, being a harder gemstone, is more durable. However, it should still be handled with care. Cleaning can be done with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid sudden temperature changes, as these can cause fractures.
Conclusion
June’s birthstones, the pearl and the alexandrite, represent a fascinating contrast. The pearl, with its ancient history and organic origins, embodies timeless elegance and symbolic depth. The alexandrite, a relatively recent discovery, captivates with its remarkable color-changing ability and rarity. Both gemstones offer unique beauty and significance, making June a particularly special month for gemstone enthusiasts. The choice between these two birthstones ultimately comes down to personal preference, with both offering a lasting and meaningful connection to the month of their birth.