Tanzanite, a captivating gemstone displaying rich blues and violet hues, holds the distinguished position as a primary birthstone for December. Though a relatively recent addition to the world of recognized gems, its striking beauty and unique origin have quickly established it as a coveted jewel. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of tanzanite, exploring its journey from a Maasai herdsman’s discovery to a globally celebrated gemstone.
History and Lore
Unlike many gemstones steeped in centuries of tradition, tanzanite’s story is remarkably recent. Its discovery dates back to 1967 in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, East Africa. A Maasai tribesman, Ali Juuyawatu, initially found the crystals and showed them to a local tailor, Manuel de Souza, who subsequently sought identification from a gemologist in Nairobi. Initially identified as blue zoisite, the gem’s potential was recognized, and a year later, Tiffany & Co. became involved, branding the crystals as “Tanzanite” – a name chosen to honor its country of origin and avoid the unfavorable connotations associated with the mineral name “zoisite,” which sounded similar to “suicide.”
Tiffany & Co. played a pivotal role in popularizing tanzanite through a significant advertising campaign launched in 1968. The company recognized its international appeal, highlighting its vivid colors, clarity, and potential for large cut stones. This marketing effort quickly propelled tanzanite into the spotlight, establishing it not only as a December birthstone but also as the traditional gem for the 24th wedding anniversary.
Historically, the gem also holds cultural importance for the Maasai tribe, who traditionally adorned new mothers with tanzanite as a symbol of joy and celebration. This practice reflects the belief in the stone’s protective and positive energies. The tradition of associating birthstones with specific months, offering properties like protection, fortune, serenity, and happiness, is an ancestral practice that continues to resonate in the modern world.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is exceptionally rare due to its highly localized origin. It is found commercially only in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, a small area approximately 4 kilometers long and 2 kilometers wide. This restricted geological setting contributes significantly to its value and exclusivity – it is often stated to be rarer than diamonds. The gem is a variety of zoisite, a mineral belonging to the epidote group, naturally formed through the interaction of metamorphic rocks with fluids rich in elements like vanadium.
Mining operations in the Merelani Hills range from large-scale mechanized excavations, reaching depths of over 100 meters, to smaller-scale local mining efforts. The mining area is divided into blocks reserved for both local miners and larger operators, ensuring a degree of equitable access to this valuable resource. The landscape surrounding the mines is characterized by grass-covered hillsides, scrub brush, and rocky soil, with the snow-covered slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro looming in the distance.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite exhibits a captivating range of colors, from deep sapphire blue to a vibrant violet-blue. The most valued tanzanite displays a rich, saturated blue hue. Subtle variations of purple and hints of red may also be present, depending on the viewing angle. The gem’s “velvety” appearance is a characteristic often noted by gemologists, stemming from its deep and saturated color.
On the Mohs scale of hardness, tanzanite registers between 6 and 7, indicating moderate resistance to scratching. This makes it suitable for various jewelry styles, though it is more commonly set in earrings and pendants due to its relative fragility. While generally resistant to the effects of normal heat, light, and common chemicals, tanzanite can crack if exposed to very high temperatures or sudden temperature changes. It is also susceptible to attack by hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids.
Most tanzanite undergoes a heat treatment process to enhance its color. Naturally occurring tanzanite often appears brownish, and heating it to approximately 500-600°C removes the brown component, revealing the desirable blue to violet hues. This color change is permanent and does not introduce any additional durability concerns.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is believed to possess high-vibration healing energy and is often linked to spiritual awareness and guidance. It is considered a stone of transformation and spiritual growth, associated with peace, higher thinking, and intuition. Many believe that tanzanite helps dispel negative feelings and promotes a sense of calm and balance.
The gem is also said to enhance communication and understanding, making it popular among those seeking personal growth and spiritual development. Its lovely blue-violet colors are seen as symbolic of its calming and uplifting energy, contributing to its reputation as a manifestation magnet.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of tanzanite jewelry. Due to its hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, it is advisable to avoid wearing tanzanite rings for daily activities, opting instead for protective settings. Warm, soapy water is the recommended method for cleaning tanzanite. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners should be avoided, as they can potentially damage the stone. Exposure to very high temperatures or sudden temperature changes should also be avoided to prevent cracking.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, a gem of relatively recent discovery, has quickly ascended to prominence as a cherished birthstone and a symbol of beauty, rarity, and spiritual significance. Its unique geological origin, captivating colors, and intriguing history contribute to its enduring appeal. From its discovery by a Maasai herdsman to its promotion by Tiffany & Co., tanzanite’s journey is a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones and their ability to capture the imagination and inspire a sense of wonder. As a December birthstone, tanzanite offers not only a stunning adornment but also a connection to a rich cultural heritage and a belief in its transformative properties.