Amethyst, a captivating variety of quartz, holds the esteemed position as the birthstone for February. Revered for its alluring purple hues, ranging from delicate lilac to rich, deep violet, this gemstone has adorned royalty, inspired legends, and been attributed with a wealth of symbolic meanings throughout history. Once considered as precious as diamonds, amethyst remains a popular and accessible gemstone, celebrated for its beauty, historical significance, and purported metaphysical properties. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological characteristics, symbolism, and care of this remarkable February birthstone.
History and Lore
The story of amethyst is deeply interwoven with human history and cultural beliefs. Its association with royalty dates back centuries, with amethyst prominently featured in the collections of European and Asian royal families. Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia from 1729-1796, was particularly fond of the gemstone, adorning herself with amethyst necklaces and earrings. During the Middle Ages, amethysts were incorporated into English regalia, symbolizing power and status. Prior to its increased availability, amethyst was held in the same regard as diamonds, signifying its former rarity and prestige.
The name “amethyst” itself originates from the Ancient Greek word “amethystos,” meaning “a remedy against drunkenness.” This association stems from the belief that wearing amethyst could prevent intoxication. The gemstone’s wine-like color led to its connection with Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, and it was thought to offer protection against the negative effects of alcohol. Beyond preventing inebriation, amethyst was also believed to promote clear-headedness in both battle and business, and to temper excessive passion. During the Renaissance, it was even touted as a means to control amorous desires.
Legends surrounding amethyst extend beyond its protective qualities. One Greek myth tells of the nymph Amethystos, who transformed into a stone to avoid the pursuit of Bacchus. The god, moved by her piety, then poured wine over the stone, giving it its characteristic purple hue. This tale further cemented the gemstone’s association with wine and its protective powers. The stone has also been dedicated to St. Valentine, adding to its romantic and spiritual significance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amethyst is a variety of quartz, with the chemical formula SiO2, and crystallizes within the hexagonal system. It typically forms within geodes – hollow rock cavities – where silica-rich fluids deposit quartz crystals over time. The purple coloration is a result of irradiation, iron impurities, and the presence of trace elements within the quartz structure. Variations in these factors lead to the diverse range of purple shades observed in amethyst, from pale lilac to deep, saturated violet. Color zonation, where purplish zones alternate with white or grayish areas, is also common.
Historically, the Ural Mountains in Russia were a significant source of high-quality amethyst. Thousands of stones were acquired by Catherine the Great, and the most desirable hues – deep purplish-red to purple-red – were known as “Uralian” or “Siberian Amethyst,” terms now used to describe color grades rather than geographical origins. Today, Brazil is the primary source of amethyst used in the gem trade. Amethyst can also be found in other locations, though Brazil remains the dominant supplier.
Gemological Properties
Amethyst exhibits several key gemological properties that define its characteristics and value. It registers a 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it relatively durable and suitable for a variety of jewelry applications. Its specific gravity is 2.66. The refractive index ranges from 1.544 to 1.553, and it is uniaxial and positive, exhibiting strong dichroism in some colored varieties.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO2 |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal |
| Specific Gravity | 2.66 |
| Mohs Hardness | 7 - 7.5 |
| Refractive Index | 1.544-1.553 |
| Optical Character | Uniaxial (+) |
Amethyst is typically transparent, though translucent and opaque varieties also exist. The intensity and distribution of the purple color are major factors influencing its value, with deep, evenly saturated hues being the most prized. Amethyst can be cut into a variety of shapes and sizes, and it is also available as lab-created material.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, amethyst has been imbued with rich symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. It is often associated with intellect, temperance, and love. Some believe it promotes clarity of thought, enhances intuition, and fosters emotional balance. Hildegard von Bingen, a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and medical writer, wrote that amethyst could treat skin ailments and even cure tumors. It was also believed to protect against drunkenness, as evidenced by the practice of sipping wine from amethyst cups.
The stone’s association with religious leaders throughout history further underscores its spiritual significance. It has been dedicated to both St. Valentine and the Greek god Bacchus, representing a blend of romantic and celebratory energies. Modern interpretations often link amethyst to spiritual awareness, inner peace, and transformation.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, amethyst is relatively durable, but it still requires proper care to maintain its beauty. It is susceptible to damage from sharp blows and should be stored separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratching. Cleaning amethyst is relatively straightforward. It can be safely cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. Regularly wiping amethyst with a soft cloth will help to remove dust and maintain its luster.
Conclusion
Amethyst, the captivating February birthstone, stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its historical association with royalty and religious figures to its purported metaphysical properties and striking beauty, amethyst continues to captivate and inspire. Its rich purple hues, combined with its relative durability and accessibility, make it a cherished gemstone for jewelry lovers and collectors alike. As a symbol of intellect, temperance, and love, amethyst remains a timeless treasure, embodying both the artistry of nature and the enduring power of human belief.