December is a unique month in the world of birthstones, offering not one, but four distinct gemstones: turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz. Each of these stones embodies a different shade of blue, mirroring the cool tones of the winter season, and carries its own rich history and symbolism. While turquoise holds the distinction as the most traditional December birthstone, the others – particularly tanzanite – represent more recent discoveries, providing December-born individuals with a diverse range of options to express their individuality.
History and Lore
The history of December’s birthstones spans millennia. Turquoise, arguably the oldest of the group, has been cherished for thousands of years. Evidence suggests its use dates back to 3000 BCE, with ancient civilizations in Egypt and Persia highly valuing the stone for its sky-blue color and perceived protective powers. It symbolized peace, health, and good fortune, and was often used in talismans and ornamental objects.
Zircon also boasts a long history, though its association with December is more recent. While it occurs in a variety of colors, the blue variety is particularly favored as a December birthstone.
Tanzanite is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, discovered in Tanzania in 1967. Its relatively recent origin means its historical lore is still developing, but it has quickly become associated with insight and spiritual awakening.
Blue topaz, while a popular choice, doesn’t have the same extensive historical background as turquoise or zircon, but its calming energy and icy blue clarity have made it a beloved gemstone.
Interestingly, the assignment of specific birthstones to each month has evolved over time. The modern list, while widely accepted, differs from earlier traditions. The variety of options for December reflects this evolution and allows for personal preference. A specific birthstone is assigned for each day of December, with Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, Turquoise and Blue Zircon rotating throughout the month.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of these four gemstones are quite diverse. Turquoise is a hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, forming in arid regions through a process of secondary enrichment of copper-bearing rocks. It is often found in association with other copper minerals.
Zircon, a zirconium silicate, forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks. The blue color in zircon is often achieved through heat treatment of colorless or brownish zircon.
Tanzanite, a blue-violet variety of the mineral zoisite, is found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. Its unique geological formation and limited source contribute to its relative rarity and value.
Blue topaz is created through irradiation of colorless topaz, which itself forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Topaz is found in a variety of locations worldwide.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Here’s a comparative overview:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Sky Blue, Greenish Blue | 5-6 |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | Blue-Violet | 6.5-7 |
| Blue Zircon | ZrSiO4 | Blue | 6.5-7.5 |
| Blue Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | Blue | 8 |
Turquoise is relatively soft, making it susceptible to scratching and requiring careful handling. Tanzanite, while harder, exhibits perfect cleavage, meaning it can split along certain planes with relative ease. Zircon and topaz are both relatively hard and durable, making them suitable for everyday wear.
The color of each gemstone is a defining characteristic. Turquoise displays a range of blues, often with matrix patterns (veins of other minerals). Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle – blue, violet, and burgundy. Blue zircon exhibits a brilliant sparkle, and blue topaz offers a clear, icy blue hue.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise, as mentioned, has long been considered a protective stone, bringing peace and good fortune. It is also associated with communication and self-expression.
Tanzanite is believed to promote spiritual awareness and transformation, facilitating insight and intuition. Its connection to the crown chakra is thought to enhance psychic abilities.
Blue zircon is associated with prosperity and wisdom, and is believed to calm the mind and promote restful sleep.
Blue topaz symbolizes honesty, clarity, and loyalty. It is often used to promote emotional balance and communication.
These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones and their significance as birthstones.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December’s birthstones. Turquoise, due to its relative softness, should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. It is best cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners.
Tanzanite requires gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and sudden temperature changes. Due to its perfect cleavage, avoid subjecting it to strong impacts.
Blue zircon and blue topaz can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for these stones, but caution should be exercised. Avoid exposing them to harsh chemicals.
Given the variety of properties, it’s important to understand the specific needs of each gemstone to ensure its longevity and brilliance.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, and blue topaz – represent a captivating spectrum of color, history, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, each gemstone offers a unique connection to the past and present. Their diverse properties and meanings make them meaningful gifts and cherished personal treasures for those born in December. Whether one is drawn to the protective energy of turquoise, the spiritual insight of tanzanite, the calming influence of zircon, or the clarity of topaz, these gemstones embody the beauty and magic of the winter season.