November is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: citrine and topaz. Both gemstones offer a warm, golden hue, reflecting the autumnal season in which November resides. While topaz has a longer history as a November birthstone, citrine was officially added in 1912, providing a more affordable and accessible option as imperial topaz became increasingly rare. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these two captivating gemstones.
History and Lore
For centuries, topaz held the sole designation as November’s birthstone. Ancient Greeks believed topaz bestowed strength upon its wearer, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s considered it a powerful ward against magic spells and a dispeller of anger. In India, the practice of wearing topaz above the heart was believed to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence. The very name “topaz” may originate from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” or from the Greek topazos.
Citrine’s history is somewhat more recent in terms of its association with November. Prior to the 20th century, yellowish topaz was the standard November birthstone. As supplies of the rarer imperial topaz dwindled, jewelers sought an alternative, leading to the adoption of citrine in 1912. Historically, citrine was valued for its perceived ability to balance Jupiter, aligning individuals with their creative goals. A notable example of historical reverence for citrine is the 105-carat Madeira citrine that once adorned the headdress of Portugal’s King João V, symbolizing wisdom and wealth.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, forming in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It crystallizes in prismatic crystals and is found in a variety of colors, though the most sought-after hues for birthstone purposes are yellow, orange, and golden-brown.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, derives its color from traces of iron. Much of the citrine available today is not naturally occurring; it is heat-treated amethyst. This process permanently alters the amethyst’s color, resulting in the characteristic yellow and orange shades. Natural citrine, however, is found in Brazil’s Rio Grande do Sul belt, as well as in Zambia, Madagascar, and, historically, Spain’s Articacha mine.
Gemological Properties
Both citrine and topaz possess distinct gemological properties. Topaz registers an 8 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it a relatively durable gemstone suitable for everyday wear. Its chemical formula is Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂. Topaz exhibits a variety of hues, including colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and, very rarely, red. The blue topaz commonly seen in the market is often created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. A special treatment known as “Mystic Topaz” creates a rainbow effect by coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film.
Citrine, being a quartz variety, also scores a 7 on the Mohs scale, indicating good durability. Its chemical formula is SiO₂. Citrine’s color range spans pale champagne to deep Madeira orange-red. The color intensity impacts its perceived value, with deeper, more saturated hues generally being more desirable.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Property | Topaz | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | SiO₂ |
| Mohs Hardness | 8 | 7 |
| Color | Varied | Yellow to Orange |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic | Trigonal |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both citrine and topaz have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Topaz is associated with strength, intellect, and protection. Ancient cultures believed it could ward off negativity and promote clarity of thought. In modern interpretations, topaz is said to promote self-confidence and kindness. It is often referred to as the “fire stone,” evoking passion and zeal.
Citrine, often called the “sunshine stone,” is linked to optimism, prosperity, and creativity. It is believed to balance Jupiter, fostering alignment with one’s goals. Citrine is also thought to promote warmth and generosity, and some legends claim it can quench thirst and prevent bad dreams. The overall meaning of November’s birthstones merges citrine’s optimism with imperial topaz’s drive for success.
Care and Cleaning
Both citrine and topaz are relatively easy to care for. Due to their good hardness, they are suitable for most jewelry settings. Cleaning can be accomplished with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstones. Topaz, while durable, can be susceptible to chipping along facet edges, so caution should be exercised when cleaning and wearing jewelry containing topaz. Citrine is generally more resistant to damage, but it’s still advisable to avoid extreme temperature changes. Light lemon shades of citrine can lighten after prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light, so storing jewelry out of direct sunlight is recommended when not in use.
Distinguishing Citrine from Imitations
It is important to be aware of potential imitations when purchasing citrine. One simple test involves using an acetone-damp cotton swab on the back of the stone. If the swab reveals dye bleeding, the citrine is likely a fake. Natural citrine will remain clean.
Modern and Traditional Variations
While golden topaz and citrine are the modern birthstones for November, traditional lists sometimes include other gemstones. Historically, topaz in any yellowish shade was considered the November birthstone. Some sources also list spinel as a more recent modern addition. The United States often draws from both modern and traditional lists, allowing individuals to choose the stone that resonates with them most.
Conclusion
November’s birthstones, citrine and topaz, offer a beautiful and meaningful choice for those born in the eleventh month. From the ancient beliefs surrounding topaz’s protective powers to the modern association of citrine with optimism and creativity, these gemstones hold a rich history and enduring appeal. Whether one prefers the fiery brilliance of topaz or the sunny warmth of citrine, these golden gems are sure to bring joy and positive energy to their wearer.