December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – a total of five – offering a diverse palette of color, history, and meaning for those born in the final month of the year. These gemstones include zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise, each with its own unique appeal and significance. While turquoise and zircon have historically been considered the primary birthstones for December, the modern list has expanded to encompass the vibrant hues of topaz and tanzanite, alongside the enduring allure of lapis lazuli. This abundance provides a wide range of choices, catering to different tastes and preferences.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific birth months dates back to ancient times, with roots in biblical texts and early cultural practices. Initially, the ruby was designated for December, according to the earliest birthstone lists inspired by Biblical gemstone references. However, over time, the assigned gemstones evolved. The modern birthstone list has undergone several revisions, with December’s selections changing significantly. In 1870, Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” pamphlet designated turquoise as a December birthstone. By 1912, the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America) listed turquoise as the primary stone, with lapis lazuli as an alternative. Zircon was added to the list in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America, and tanzanite was the most recent addition in 2002.
Throughout history, these gemstones have been valued for their beauty and perceived mystical properties. Turquoise, for example, has been cherished by cultures worldwide for centuries, adorning pharaohs in ancient Egypt and playing a significant role in the ceremonial jewelry of Native American tribes. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color and golden pyrite flecks, has been associated with royalty and spirituality, finding use in art, jewelry, and spiritual practices. These stones were not merely decorative; they were believed to be blessed, imbuing the wearer with specific attributes and connecting them to historical and cultural narratives. The practice of wearing birthstones isn’t a recent trend, but rather a custom with roots in medieval times.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of December’s birthstones are as diverse as the stones themselves. Turquoise, a copper aluminum phosphate, forms in semi-humid and dry environments where rock is present. It is created when chemicals seep from adjacent rocks through rain and groundwater, resulting in the formation of blue and green crystals. The blue hue is primarily attributed to the presence of copper, while iron contributes to the green coloration.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, is found in a variety of geological settings. Blue zircon, particularly prized as a December birthstone, gains its color through heat treatment.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is exclusively found in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a uniquely localized gemstone.
Topaz, while available in a range of colors, the blue varieties are popular choices for December birthstones. Topaz forms in igneous rocks and is found in various locations worldwide.
Gemological Properties
December’s birthstones exhibit a wide range of gemological properties. Turquoise is an opaque stone, ranging in color from a brilliant sky blue to green, often displaying veined patterns due to the remnants of the host rock. These veins can be black, silver, tan, or gold.
Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors, though blue zircon is particularly favored for December. It possesses excellent clarity and dispersion, contributing to its vibrant appearance.
Tanzanite is highly prized for its unique blue to violet color, a result of its trichroism – the ability to display different colors depending on the viewing angle.
Blue topaz, known for its calm and serene colors, is a relatively hard and durable gemstone.
Lapis lazuli is characterized by its deep blue color and the presence of golden pyrite inclusions. It is an opaque stone, often used for ornamental purposes.
A comparative overview of hardness, based on the Mohs scale, is presented below:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Turquoise | 5-6 |
| Zircon | 6.5-7.5 |
| Tanzanite | 6-7 |
| Blue Topaz | 8 |
| Lapis Lazuli | 5-6 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of December’s birthstones carries its own symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, healing, and good fortune. It is believed to promote strength, wisdom, and tranquility.
Zircon is thought to promote prosperity, wisdom, and honor. It is also believed to ward off negative energy.
Tanzanite is associated with transformation, intuition, and spiritual growth. It is believed to enhance psychic abilities and promote clarity of thought.
Blue topaz symbolizes loyalty, affection, and intellectual pursuits. It is believed to promote communication and self-expression.
Lapis lazuli is associated with wisdom, truth, and inner power. It is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and promote spiritual enlightenment.
These stones are more than just beautiful adornments; they are believed to reflect the wearer’s personality and bring a variety of cultural significances.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and vibrancy of December’s birthstones. Turquoise, being a relatively soft stone, is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh cleaning agents.
Zircon, with its good hardness, can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, as it may fade the color.
Tanzanite is also sensitive to heat and chemicals. It should be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaning.
Blue topaz is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Lapis lazuli, being a softer stone, requires gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise—offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, individuals can select a stone that resonates with their personal preferences and beliefs. Purchasing these gemstones requires careful research and consultation with experts to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time. As fine jewelry, December's birthstones are not only stylish but also connect wearers to historical and cultural narratives, enhancing both their aesthetic appeal and personal meaning.