December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – a tradition stemming from both historical preferences and modern additions. While turquoise and zircon have long held prominence as the primary gems for this month, the list has expanded to include topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and even chrysoprase depending on historical and cultural context. This diversity offers a spectrum of color, price points, and personal meaning for those born in December. The stones themselves are rich in history, symbolism, and geological significance, reflecting a legacy spanning millennia.
A History of December’s Gems
The concept of associating specific gemstones with months of the year dates back to ancient civilizations. Birthstones were believed to possess mystical and healing properties, offering benefits to those born under their influence. While the precise origins are debated, connections can be traced to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. These early associations were often linked to astrological signs and the perceived energies of the stones.
Turquoise, one of the oldest-recognized December birthstones, has a particularly long and storied past. Its name originates from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “stone of Turkey,” as the stone was initially brought to Europe through Turkish bazaars. The use of turquoise dates back thousands of years, with archaeological evidence revealing its presence in ancient Egyptian tombs.
Zircon, another traditional December gem, is among the oldest minerals found on Earth, lending it significant geological and historical value. More recently, tanzanite has emerged as a popular choice, discovered relatively recently in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania near Mount Kilimanjaro. Its unique blue to violet hues quickly established it as a prized gemstone.
The inclusion of lapis lazuli, topaz, and even chrysoprase and onyx in some traditions further illustrates the evolving nature of birthstone lore, influenced by different cultures and calendars, such as the old Russian and Tibetan calendars.
Geological Origins and Sources
The formation of December’s birthstones occurs through diverse geological processes. Turquoise is a secondary mineral, forming in arid regions through the interaction of copper-rich solutions with aluminum and phosphorus-bearing rocks. Significant sources include Iran, Egypt, and the southwestern United States.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, often as a byproduct of magma crystallization. It is found in various locations worldwide, including Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Australia.
Tanzanite’s unique origin is a key factor in its value. It is found exclusively in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a relatively rare gemstone. Topaz, in its blue variety, is sourced from Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria.
Chrysoprase, a variety of chalcedony, forms in nickel-rich environments, resulting in its distinctive apple-green to deep-green color. Bloodstone, another historical December stone, is a green chalcedony with red inclusions of iron oxide.
Gemological Properties
The December birthstones exhibit a wide range of gemological properties, contributing to their individual appeal.
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | 5-6 | Blue-green, sky blue, greenish-gray |
| Zircon | ZrSiO4 | 6.5-7.5 | Blue, brown, red, yellow, green, white |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6-7 | Blue, violet, purple |
| Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH,F)2 | 8 | Blue, yellow, brown, pink, colorless |
Turquoise is known for its opaque nature and distinctive matrix patterns, often featuring veins of other minerals. Zircon is celebrated for its brilliance and “fire,” a term describing its dispersion of light. Tanzanite exhibits strong trichroism, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle. Topaz is a relatively hard stone, making it durable for jewelry.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, December’s birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with success, happiness, and prosperity. It was considered a sacred stone by many Native American cultures, believed to offer protection and good fortune.
Zircon is believed to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. It was historically used to ward off evil spirits and protect travelers. Tanzanite is thought to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness, facilitating communication and transformation.
Blue topaz is associated with calmness, peace, and loyalty. It is believed to promote open communication and emotional stability. Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color, has been linked to wisdom, truth, and inner power. Chrysoprase is believed to enhance emotional balance and prevent depression, while onyx is considered a grounding stone offering protection from negativity and enhancing courage and physical strength.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, requiring gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Zircon and Tanzanite are more durable but should still be protected from scratches and impacts. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Topaz is a hard stone but can be cleaved, so avoid sudden temperature changes.
Generally, it is advisable to remove jewelry containing these gemstones before engaging in strenuous activities or exposing them to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning and professional inspection can help preserve their brilliance and ensure they remain cherished heirlooms.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones—turquoise, zircon, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and topaz—offer a rich and diverse selection for those born in this month. Each stone carries its own unique history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient allure of turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite, these gemstones represent a captivating blend of beauty, tradition, and personal significance. When choosing a December birthstone, considering the individual’s preferences and the stone’s inherent qualities ensures a meaningful and lasting connection. These stones are more than just beautiful adornments; they are tangible links to the past and symbols of hope for the future.