August is unique among the calendar months, possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This multiplicity reflects a fascinating evolution in birthstone traditions, influenced by historical shifts, evolving consumer preferences, and regional variations in gemological practices. While peridot holds a long-standing association with the month, spinel is a relatively recent addition, officially recognized in 2016, alongside the more traditional sardonyx. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these three August birthstones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the rich lore surrounding these captivating gems.
History and Lore
The tradition of linking gemstones to specific months dates back to medieval times, with roots in ancient beliefs and biblical references. The practice of gifting gemstones corresponding to a person’s birth month is thought to have originated in Poland or Germany centuries ago. Over time, these traditions evolved, resulting in multiple sets of birthstone assignments – ancient, traditional, and modern – and regional differences in accepted lists.
Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original August birthstone, with a history spanning over 4,000 years. Peridot, however, has a similarly long and storied past, often mistaken for other gems like topaz and emerald throughout history. Notably, gems adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, once believed to be emeralds, were later identified as peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have included significant quantities of peridot.
Spinel’s journey to becoming an August birthstone is more recent. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, a more highly valued gem. It wasn’t until more recently, as consumers began seeking alternatives to ruby, that spinel gained recognition for its own distinct beauty and properties. The American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) and Jewelers of America (JA) officially added spinel to the August birthstone list in 2016, acknowledging its growing popularity and unique characteristics.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions. It is often found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and has even been discovered in meteorites originating from outer space.
Spinel’s formation is often associated with metamorphic processes in marble and granite, and can also be found in alluvial deposits.
Sardonyx, a variety of chalcedony, is composed of alternating layers of sard (red) and onyx (white or black). These layers form through the deposition of silica in volcanic or sedimentary environments.
The sources for these gems are diverse. While specific mining locations aren’t detailed in the provided sources, the origins of peridot are linked to volcanic activity and extraterrestrial sources. Spinel is found in metamorphic rocks, and sardonyx forms in volcanic and sedimentary settings.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is characterized by its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue, a result of its iron content. It is the gem variety of olivine.
Spinel exhibits a wider range of colors, with vivid red being the most popular. However, spinel also occurs in pink, orange, blue, and black.
Sardonyx is distinguished by its banded appearance, featuring alternating layers of red, brown, white, and orange. This banding is a key characteristic of the gem.
The provided sources do not offer detailed gemological data such as hardness, refractive index, or chemical formulas for these stones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of the August birthstones carries unique symbolic meanings. Peridot is associated with joy, abundance, and healing. Spinel is believed to encourage renewal, vitality, and inspiration. Sardonyx represents strength, stability, and protection.
These symbolic associations stem from historical beliefs and cultural interpretations. Peridot, with its vibrant green color, was considered a symbol of the sun in ancient Egypt and favored by Cleopatra. The meanings attributed to spinel and sardonyx likely evolved over time, reflecting their perceived properties and the cultural contexts in which they were used.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for these gemstones. However, general gemological principles suggest that peridot, spinel, and sardonyx should be cleaned with mild soap and warm water, using a soft brush to remove any dirt or debris. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as these could potentially damage the stones.
Conclusion
The August birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – represent a fascinating blend of history, geology, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of sardonyx to the recent recognition of spinel, each gem offers a unique connection to the month of August. The evolving nature of birthstone traditions reflects changing tastes and a growing appreciation for the diverse beauty and properties of gemstones. For those born in August, these three gems provide a wealth of options, each carrying its own distinct meaning and allure.