December is a month celebrated for its festivities, and it is uniquely distinguished in the gemological world by possessing not one, but three recognized birthstones: tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon. These gemstones, predominantly showcasing shades of blue, offer a diverse range of choices in color, price, and historical significance for those born in the final month of the year. Each stone carries its own distinct allure and symbolism, reflecting a rich tapestry of geological origins and cultural beliefs.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with various cultures attributing particular powers and meanings to different stones. Over centuries, these associations evolved into the modern practice of assigning birthstones, often given as gifts to commemorate birthdays and special occasions. Turquoise, among the three December birthstones, boasts the longest history of human appreciation, having been prized for thousands of years. Archaeological evidence reveals its use in ancient Egyptian burial masks and Native American jewelry, demonstrating its enduring appeal across civilizations. The name “turquoise” itself originates from the French phrase “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting the historical trade routes through which these gems first reached Europe.
Zircon also has a long and storied past, with evidence of its use in jewelry dating back over 2000 years. Its brilliance and fire have often led to it being mistaken for diamond, and it has been valued for its diverse color range throughout history. Tanzanite, however, is a relatively recent discovery, first identified in Tanzania in 1967. Its unique violet-blue hue quickly captivated the gemological world, establishing it as a highly sought-after gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these three birthstones are as diverse as their appearances. Turquoise is formed through a unique geological process involving groundwater rich in copper seeping into bedrock. Over time, reactions with other minerals create an opaque stone displaying stunning shades of blue and green, often marked by distinctive dark lines and shapes known as matrix, derived from the surrounding rock.
Tanzanite’s formation is particularly noteworthy due to its extremely limited source. It is found in only a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world. The geological conditions required for its formation are exceptionally specific, contributing to its scarcity and value.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, is found in a variety of geological settings. While it occurs in many colors, blue zircon is particularly popular. The sources for zircon are widespread, with deposits found in various locations globally. Blue topaz, often considered an alternative December birthstone, also forms in a variety of geological environments and its color range is often enhanced through heat treatment.
Gemological Properties
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and desirability. Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, meaning light does not pass through it. Its color ranges from a light sky blue to a deep greenish-blue, influenced by the presence of copper and iron.
Tanzanite, a variety of the mineral zoisite, is renowned for its remarkable trichroism – the ability to display different colors depending on the viewing angle. It can appear blue, purple, or burgundy, adding to its captivating allure. Its pleochroism is a key characteristic for gemologists identifying the stone.
Zircon exhibits exceptional brilliance and fire, often exceeding that of diamond. It boasts a high refractive index, contributing to its sparkle. While available in many colors, blue zircon is a favored choice for December birthstone jewelry.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Color | Transparency | Notable Properties |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Blue-Green | Opaque | Matrix patterns, ancient history |
| Tanzanite | Violet-Blue | Transparent | Trichroism, rarity |
| Zircon | Blue (most popular) | Transparent | High brilliance, fire |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with protection and good fortune, promoting balance and harmony in life. It is believed to bring success, happiness, and prosperity to its wearer.
Tanzanite is often considered a symbol of transformation and spiritual growth. Its unique color is said to stimulate intuition and enhance communication.
Zircon is celebrated for its brilliance and clarity, and is believed to promote wisdom, honor, and prosperity. It is also associated with protection and grounding.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of these December birthstones. Turquoise, being a relatively soft stone, requires gentle handling and should be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Tanzanite, while more durable, should also be handled with care. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. Zircon, with its high hardness, is relatively durable but can be chipped with a sharp blow. It can be cleaned using similar methods as tanzanite, avoiding harsh chemicals.
December’s Diverse Palette
December offers a unique opportunity to celebrate with a birthstone that resonates with individual preferences. The availability of three distinct gemstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – provides a diverse selection of colors, styles, and price points. Blue topaz, as an alternative, further expands the options for those seeking a December birthstone. Whether one seeks the ancient wisdom of turquoise, the modern elegance of tanzanite, or the brilliant sparkle of zircon, December’s birthstones offer a captivating array of choices.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – tanzanite, turquoise, and zircon – represent a fascinating intersection of geological wonder, historical significance, and cultural symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite, each gemstone carries a unique story. Their predominantly blue hues evoke the serenity of winter, while their individual properties offer a range of aesthetic and metaphysical qualities. These gems continue to captivate and inspire, making them cherished symbols of December birthdays and enduring treasures for gemstone enthusiasts worldwide.