The world of colored gemstones is rich with history, lore, and scientific fascination. Among these treasures, certain stones have become intrinsically linked to specific months, designated as birthstones. This tradition, while relatively recent in its standardized form, draws upon ancient beliefs and practices associating gemstones with astrological signs and inherent properties. This article will explore the birthstones for August – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – and September – sapphire, drawing upon available information regarding their geological origins, historical significance, and gemological characteristics.
History and Lore
The practice of associating gemstones with specific months is believed to have roots in the breastplate of Aaron, described in the Book of Exodus, which featured twelve jewels representing the tribes of Israel. However, the modern concept of birthstones gained traction in 16th-century Poland before being popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1870 with a marketing campaign that standardized the pairings.
For August, peridot holds a long and storied past. Ancient Hawaiians believed peridot stones were the tears of Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Historically, peridot was often mistaken for emerald or topaz, particularly before the advent of modern gemological testing. A notable example of this misidentification occurred on the Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name “topaz” is derived, yet the island primarily yielded peridot. Cleopatra herself was rumored to have adorned herself with peridot, believing them to be emeralds.
Spinel, while a more recent addition to the August birthstone list, also boasts a rich history. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, due to its similar appearance. This misidentification continued until more advanced gemological techniques allowed for accurate differentiation.
September’s birthstone, sapphire, has an equally compelling history. In ancient Rome and Greece, the elite wore blue sapphires to ward off envy. During the Middle Ages, Christian clergy favored blue sapphires as symbols of heaven. Throughout history, sapphire has been associated with wisdom, purity, and faith.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme conditions, often found in hardened lava carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites. This unique origin story contributes to its mystique.
Spinel’s formation is often linked to metamorphic processes in marble and other metamorphic rocks. It can also be found in association with other gemstones, such as ruby and sapphire.
Sapphire, a variety of the mineral corundum, forms in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. While most commonly known for its blue hues, sapphire occurs in nearly every color except red – red corundum being defined as ruby.
Specific source locations are not detailed within the provided materials beyond the mention of the Red Sea island of Topazios for peridot.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, typically exhibiting a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow color.
Sapphire, belonging to the corundum family, is renowned for its hardness. While blue is the most valued color, sapphires come in a wide range of hues.
The provided sources do not offer detailed gemological data such as refractive index, specific gravity, or chemical formulas for any of these stones. However, they do indicate that spinel comes in a wide variety of colors and can serve as a more affordable alternative to ruby due to its similar appearance. Sardonyx, the traditional August birthstone, is a variety of chalcedony, composed of red and white bands.
Here's a table summarizing the birthstones by month, as provided in the sources:
| Month | Modern Birthstone(s) | Traditional Birthstone |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Aquamarine | Bloodstone |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Alexandrite | Pearl |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Peridot, Spinel | Sardonyx |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Tourmaline | Opal |
| November | Citrine | Topaz |
| December | Tanzanite | Turquoise, Lapis Lazuli |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Traditionally, peridot symbolized strength and was believed to ward off nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Modern interpretations suggest peridot can balance the mind and body and aid in sleep.
Sapphire has long been associated with protection, wisdom, purity, and faith. In ancient times, it was believed to protect loved ones from harm.
Sardonyx, as the traditional August birthstone, does not have extensive symbolic details provided in the sources.
Care and Cleaning
The provided sources do not offer specific care and cleaning instructions for these gemstones. However, given the general hardness of these stones, standard jewelry cleaning practices – using warm, soapy water and a soft brush – would likely be appropriate. Further research into the specific care requirements of each gemstone is recommended.
Conclusion
The birthstones of August – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – and September – sapphire – represent a fascinating intersection of geological processes, historical beliefs, and cultural significance. From the volcanic origins of peridot to the protective symbolism of sapphire, these gemstones have captivated humanity for centuries. While the standardization of birthstone assignments is a relatively recent phenomenon, the tradition itself draws upon ancient practices and continues to resonate with those seeking a personal connection to the natural world and the symbolism embedded within these beautiful stones. The ongoing appreciation for these gems, as evidenced by their continued popularity in jewelry and their enduring presence in cultural lore, ensures their legacy will continue for generations to come.