December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by having not one, but three officially recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon. While some sources list additional stones like blue topaz, the core trio represents the rich history, diverse origins, and captivating beauty associated with those born in the final month of the year. The selection of these gemstones has evolved over time, reflecting changing traditions and discoveries, and each stone carries its own distinct symbolism and appeal.
Historical Evolution of December Birthstones
The designation of birthstones has a long and complex history, originating in ancient traditions that linked gemstones to the zodiac signs. Early associations for December included ruby, a connection stemming from Biblical gemstone lists. However, the modern birthstone list began to take shape in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1870, Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” pamphlet identified turquoise as a December birthstone. This was further solidified in 1912 by the National Association of Jewellers (now Jewellers of America), which listed turquoise as the primary stone and lapis lazuli as an alternative.
The list continued to evolve with the addition of zircon in 1952 by the Jewelry Industry Council of America. The most recent addition came in 2002 with the inclusion of tanzanite, bringing the total number of December birthstones to three. This evolution highlights a trend towards offering more choices and accommodating varying preferences and affordability. The question of the “real” birthstone for December remains open to interpretation, as each gem holds its own historical and cultural significance.
The Allure of Turquoise: A Stone of Protection and Friendship
Turquoise is perhaps the most consistently recognized December birthstone, with a history stretching back millennia. Named after the French phrase “pierre tourques,” meaning “Turkish stone,” it was initially imported to Europe through Turkey. However, its origins lie in various locations, including the southwestern United States, Iran (where it is known as Persian turquoise), and China.
This opaque gemstone is easily identified by its distinctive robin’s egg blue to greenish-blue color, often marked by unique veining patterns. These patterns, caused by inclusions of other minerals, contribute to the stone’s individual character. Throughout history, turquoise has been valued for its perceived protective qualities and association with good fortune, health, and peace. Ancient Egyptians adorned themselves with turquoise, and it was even included in the burial mask of King Tut. Native American cultures, particularly those in the southwestern United States, have long incorporated turquoise into their jewelry and ceremonial objects, recognizing its spiritual and mystical importance. Turquoise is believed to dispel negative energy, provide protection against environmental pollutants, enhance intuition, and release inhibitions.
Tanzanite: A Modern Gemstone of Transformation
In contrast to the ancient history of turquoise, tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery. Found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro, it was first identified in 1967. This makes it one of the newest birthstones, gaining official recognition in 2002.
Tanzanite is celebrated for its striking color, which ranges from deep blue to shimmering violet. This pleochroic gemstone displays different colors depending on the viewing angle, adding to its captivating appeal. Tanzanite is associated with transformation, spiritual awareness, and intuition. Its rarity and unique properties have quickly made it a highly sought-after gemstone, particularly for special-occasion jewelry like engagement rings and anniversary gifts.
Zircon: An Ancient Mineral with Enduring Symbolism
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with origins dating back billions of years. While often confused with cubic zirconia, a synthetic diamond simulant, natural zircon is a distinct gemstone with its own unique properties and history.
Zircon occurs in a variety of colors, but blue zircon is the most commonly associated with December. It is believed to enhance mental clarity and confidence. Historically, zircon has symbolized wisdom and prosperity. It has been mined in locations such as Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Australia.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
The three December birthstones exhibit distinct gemological properties. Here’s a comparative overview:
| Property | Turquoise | Tanzanite | Zircon |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | ZrSiO4 |
| Color | Blue to Greenish-Blue | Blue to Violet | Typically Blue |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6-7 | 6.5-7.5 |
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent to Translucent | Transparent |
| Origin | USA, Iran, China | Tanzania | Sri Lanka, Cambodia |
Caring for Your December Birthstone
Each of the December birthstones requires specific care to maintain its beauty and durability. Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and should be protected from harsh chemicals and impacts. Tanzanite, while harder, can be brittle and should be handled with care. Zircon, with its good hardness, is relatively durable but can be damaged by strong acids. Generally, cleaning these gemstones with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stones.
Symbolism and Modern Interpretations
The symbolism associated with December birthstones continues to resonate today. Turquoise represents friendship and good fortune, making it a thoughtful gift for loved ones. Tanzanite embodies transformation and spiritual awareness, appealing to those seeking personal growth. Zircon symbolizes wisdom and prosperity, offering a sense of grounding and clarity.
In contemporary times, the choice of a December birthstone often comes down to personal preference and aesthetic appeal. Blue topaz, while not consistently listed as a primary birthstone, is also a popular choice due to its vibrant color and affordability. The availability of multiple options allows individuals to select a gemstone that resonates with their personality and style.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, tanzanite, and zircon – represent a fascinating blend of history, symbolism, and geological diversity. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite and the enduring legacy of zircon, these gemstones offer a unique connection to the final month of the year. Whether chosen for their perceived metaphysical properties, their captivating beauty, or their historical significance, these stones continue to hold a special place in the hearts of gemstone enthusiasts and those born under the December sky.